Developmental changes in the expression of creatine synthesizing enzymes and creatine transporter in a precocial rodent, the spiny mouse Ireland, Zoe, Russell, Aaron P., Wallimann, Theo, Walker, David W. and Snow, Rod 2009, Developmental changes in the expression of creatine synthesizing enzymes and creatine transporter in a precocial rodent, the spiny mouse, BMC developmental biology, vol. 9, no. 39, pp. 1-12, doi: 10.1186/1471-213X-9-39. Attached Files Name Description MIMEType Size Downloads russell-developmentalchanges-2009.pdf Published version application/pdf 851.32KB 169 Title Developmental changes in the expression of creatine synthesizing enzymes and creatine transporter in a precocial rodent, the spiny mouse Author(s) Ireland, Zoe Russell, Aaron P. orcid.org/0000-0002-7323-9501 Wallimann, Theo Walker, David W. Snow, Rod orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-6916 Journal name BMC developmental biology Volume number 9 Issue number 39 Start page 1 End page 12 Total pages 12 Publisher BioMed Central Place of publication London, England Publication date 2009 ISSN 1471-213X Summary Background : Creatine synthesis takes place predominately in the kidney and liver via a two-step process involving AGAT (L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase) and GAMT (guanidinoacetate methyltransferase). Creatine is taken into cells via the creatine transporter (CrT), where it plays an essential role in energy homeostasis, particularly for tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands. Very little is known of the fetal requirement for creatine and how this may change with advancing pregnancy and into the early neonatal period. Using the spiny mouse as a model of human perinatal development, the purpose of the present study was to comprehensively examine the development of the creatine synthesis and transport systems. Results : The estimated amount of total creatine in the placenta and brain significantly increased in the second half of pregnancy, coinciding with a significant increase in expression of CrT mRNA. In the fetal brain, mRNA expression of AGAT increased steadily across the second half of pregnancy, although GAMT mRNA expression was relatively low until 34 days gestation (term is 38–39 days). In the fetal kidney and liver, AGAT and GAMT mRNA and protein expression were also relatively low until 34–37 days gestation. Between mid-gestation and term, neither AGAT or GAMT mRNA or protein could be detected in the placenta. Conclusion : Our results suggest that in the spiny mouse, a species where, like the human, considerable organogenesis occurs before birth, there appears to be a limited capacity for endogenous creatine synthesis until approximately 0.9 of pregnancy. This implies that a maternal source of creatine, transferred across the placenta, may be essential until the creatine synthesis and transport system matures in preparation for birth. If these results also apply to the human, premature birth may increase the risk of creatine deficiency. Notes This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Language eng DOI 10.1186/1471-213X-9-39 Field of Research 111401 Foetal Development and Medicine Socio Economic Objective 940111 Ethnicity, Multiculturalism and Migrant Development and Welfare HERDC Research category C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal Grant ID NHMRC 479536 Copyright notice ©2009, Ireland et al. Free to Read? 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