Direct electro-deposition of graphene from aqueous suspensions
Hilder, Matthias, Winther-Jensen, Bjorn, Li, Dan, Forsyth, Maria and MacFarlane, Douglas R. 2011, Direct electro-deposition of graphene from aqueous suspensions, Physical chemistry chemical physics, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 9187-9193, doi: 10.1039/c1cp20173e.
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Direct electro-deposition of graphene from aqueous suspensions
We describe the direct electro-chemical reduction of graphene oxide to graphene from aqueous suspension by applying reduction voltages exceeding -1.0 to -1.2 V. The conductivity of the deposition medium is of crucial importance and only values between 4-25 mS cm-1 result in deposition. Above 25 mS cm-1 the suspension de-stabilises while conductivities below 4 mS cm-1 do not show a measurable deposition rate. Furthermore, we show that deposition can be carried out over a wide pH region ranging from 1.5 to 12.5. The electro-deposition process is characterised in terms of electro-chemical methods including cyclic voltammetry, quartz crystal microbalance, impedance spectroscopy, constant amperometry and potentiometric titrations, while the deposits are analysed via Raman spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The determined oxygen contents are similar to those of chemically reduced graphene oxide, and the conductivity of the deposits was found to be ~20 S cm -1.
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