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Agreement between 24-hour urine and 24-hour food recall in measuring salt intake in primary school children in Australia
journal contribution
posted on 2023-02-06, 23:28 authored by JA Santos, Kristy BoltonKristy Bolton, E Rosewarne, K Trieu, GL Di Tanna, M Woodward, J Webster, Carley GrimesCarley GrimesAbstract
Background
Monitoring salt consumption in children is essential for informing and implementing public health interventions to reduce children’s salt intake. However, collection of 24-hour urines, considered as the most reliable approach, can be especially challenging to school children. This study aimed to assess the agreement between 24-hour urine (24hrU) and 24-hour food recall (24hrFR) in: (1) estimating salt intake in children; (2) classifying salt intakes above the recommended upper level set for children, and; (3) estimating change in mean salt intake over time.
Methods
This study utilised data from two cross-sectional surveys of school children aged 8 to 12 years living in the state of Victoria, Australia. A single 24hrU and 24hrFR were collected from each participant. Suspected inaccurate urine collections and implausible energy intakes were excluded based on pre-defined criteria. The agreement between the two methods was assessed using Bland-Altman methodology, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the kappa statistic. The difference between the measured change in salt intake over time using 24hrU and 24hrFR was derived using mixed effects linear regression analysis.
Results
A total of 588 participants provided a 24hrU and 24hrFR. Overall, there was no meaningful difference in mean estimated salt intake between the two methods (− 0.2 g/day, 95% CI − 0.5 to 0.1). The Bland-Altman plot showed wide 95% limits of agreement (− 7.2 to 6.8). The ICC between the two methods was 0.13 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.21). There was poor interrater reliability in terms of classifying salt intake above the recommended upper level for children, with an observed agreement of 63% and kappa statistic of 0.11. The change in mean salt intake over time was 0.2 g/day (− 0.4 to 0.7) based on 24hrU, and 0.5 g/day (− 0.0 to 1.1) based on 24hrFR, with a difference-in-differences of 0.4 g/day (− 0.3 to 1.1).
Conclusions
24hrFR appears to provide a reasonable estimate of mean salt intake as measured by 24hrU in Australian school children. However, similar to previous observations in adults, and of studies exploring other alternative methods for estimating salt intake, 24hrFR is a poor predictor of individual-level salt intake in children.
History
Journal
Nutrition JournalVolume
21Article number
68Pagination
1-9Location
London, Eng.Publisher DOI
ISSN
1475-2891eISSN
1475-2891Language
EnglishPublication classification
C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journalIssue
1Publisher
BMCUsage metrics
Keywords
24 H24-hour food recall24-hour urineADULTHOODBLOOD-PRESSURECHILDHOODLife Sciences & BiomedicineNutrition & DieteticsOBESITYSalt intakeScience & TechnologySODIUM-EXCRETIONAdultChildHumansSodium Chloride, DietaryCross-Sectional StudiesReproducibility of ResultsAustraliaSchoolsClinical ResearchPediatricNutritionNutrition and Dietetics not elsewhere classified