Beneficial effect of added water on sodium metal cycling in super concentrated ionic liquid sodium electrolytes

The plating and stripping performance of sodium metal in an ionic liquid electrolyte is improved when including water as an additive. Herein we report for the first time the trend of improved cycling behavior of Na0/+in N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide with 500 ppm H2O. The addition of water to this ionic liquid electrolyte promotes the breakdown of the [FSI]-anion towards beneficial SEI formation. The benefits during plating and stripping of sodium is observed as lower total polarization during symmetrical cell cycling and decreased electrode/electrolyte interface impedance. Sodium metal surfaces after cycling with 500 ppm H2O are shown to be smooth in morphology in comparison to lower additive concentrations. The outcome of adventitious moisture benefiting Na0/+cycling in an ionic liquid, contrary to conventional electrolytes, allows flexibility in ionic liquid electrolyte design to the benefit of battery manufacturers.