Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action

The global obesity epidemic has been escalating for four decades, yet sustained prevention eff orts have barely begun.
An emerging science that uses quantitative models has provided key insights into the dynamics of this epidemic, and
enabled researchers to combine evidence and to calculate the eff ect of behaviours, interventions, and policies at
several levels—from individual to population. Forecasts suggest that high rates of obesity will aff ect future population
health and economics. Energy gap models have quantifi ed the association of changes in energy intake and expenditure
with weight change, and have documented the eff ect of higher intake on obesity prevalence. Empirical evidence that
shows interventions are eff ective is limited but expanding. We identify several cost-eff ective policies that governments
should prioritise for implementation. Systems science provides a framework for organising the complexity of forces
driving the obesity epidemic and has important implications for policy makers. Many parties (such as governments,
international organisations, the private sector, and civil society) need to contribute complementary actions in a
coordinated approach. Priority actions include policies to improve the food and built environments, cross-cutting
actions (such as leadership, healthy public policies, and monitoring), and much greater funding for prevention
programmes. Increased investment in population obesity monitoring would improve the accuracy of forecasts and
evaluations. The integration of actions within existing systems into both health and non-health sectors (trade,
agriculture, transport, urban planning, and development) can greatly increase the infl uence and sustainability of
policies. We call for a sustained worldwide eff ort to monitor, prevent, and control obesity.