Differential genotypic effects of sexual trait size on offspring mating success and viability

Indicator models of sexual selection predict that females mating with the most ornamented males should produce offspring with
enhanced expression of fitness-related traits, such as overall vigor and viability. Empirical support for this prediction, however, is
limited. We quantified the effects of a heritable and condition-dependent secondary sexual trait on offspring performance traits in
Drosophila bipectinata Duda (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Forty-eight genetic (isofemale) lines were extracted from a natural population,
reared in a common environment, and characterized in terms of sex comb size. We measured pupal viability and adult mating success
among the progeny of the 5 lines with the largest combs (high line category) and the 5 lines with the smallest combs (low line
category). The high line category produced offspring that were significantly more viable than the low line category, and this advantage
held across 2 developmental temperatures. In contrast, there was no effect of line category on male mating success, although at the
individual-level, comb size was significantly positively correlated with mating success. Our results indicate that the relative size of
the D. bipectinata sex comb taps genotypic properties that enhance offspring fitness in a trait-specific manner. Thus, distinct proximate
mechanisms likely underlie relationships between secondary sexual trait expression and different performance traits in offspring,
offering a possible explanation for inconsistent support for the existence of indirect benefits in sexual selection.