Double and triple burden of non-communicable diseases and its determinants among adults in Bangladesh: Evidence from a recent demographic and health survey

Background: Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a significant public health problem. NCDs are the leading cause of death in Bangladesh. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of double burden of NCDs (DBNCDs) and triple burden of NCDs (TBNCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes and overweight or obesity and to explore the risk factors of DBNCDs and TBNCDs in Bangladesh. Materails and Methods: This study included 12 685 participants (5465 male and 7220 female) from 2017 - 2018 nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the distribution and prevalence of DBNCDs and TBNCDs. Bivariate and multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to assess the individual- and community-level determinants of DBNCDs and TBNCDs. Results: The prevalence of DBNCDs and TBNCDs was 21.4% and 6.1%, respectively. At individual-level, higher age, female, currently and formerly/ever married, richest, higher education were more likely to suffer from the DBNCDs and TBNCDs. Furthermore, at the community level, the division had a significant association with DBNCDs and TBNCDs. In addition, family size had a significant effect on DBNCDs, and caffeinate drinks and poverty significantly affected TBNCDs. Conclusion: Overall, there is a low prevalence of TBNCDs compared with DBNCDs in Bangladesh. Age, gender, marital status, wealth index, education level and division are significantly associated with DBNCDs and TBNCDs. The government and non-government health organisations should pay proper attention to handle the burden of NCDs in Bangladesh.