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Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Working Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Findings from Healthy and Neuropsychiatric Populations
journal contribution
posted on 2016-03-01, 00:00 authored by Aron HillAron Hill, P B Fitzgerald, K E HoyBackground Several studies have trialled anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) for the enhancement of working memory (WM) in both healthy and neuropsychiatric populations. However, the efficacy of this technique remains to be clearly established. Objective This review provides a quantitative synthesis of the published literature investigating the effects of a-tDCS, compared to sham, on WM, as assessed using the n-back, Sternberg and digit-span tasks. We also separated results from tasks performed 'online' (during stimulation) and 'offline' (following stimulation). The secondary aim was to assess for any additional effects of current density and stimulation duration. Methods Comprehensive literature searches were performed using MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, CENTRAL and Scopus from July 1998 to June 2014. Results In healthy cohorts, a-tDCS produced a trend towards improvement for offline WM accuracy (p = 0.05) and a small, but significant improvement in reaction time (p = 0.04); however, no significant effects were observed for online tasks (accuracy [p = 0.29], reaction time [p = 0.42]). In the neuropsychiatric cohort, a-tDCS significantly improved accuracy for online (p = 0.003), but not offline (p = 0.87) tasks, and no effect was seen for either online (p = 0.20) or offline (p = 0.49) reaction times. Secondary analyses controlling for current density and stimulation duration provided limited support for the role of these factors in influencing a-tDCS efficacy. Conclusions This review provides some evidence of a beneficial effect of a-tDCS on WM performance. However, the small effect sizes obtained, coupled with non-significant effects on several analyses require cautious interpretation and highlight the need for future research aimed at investigating more optimised stimulation approaches.
History
Journal
Brain StimulationVolume
9Issue
2Pagination
197 - 208Publisher
ElsevierLocation
Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPublisher DOI
ISSN
1935-861XeISSN
1876-4754Language
engPublication classification
C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journalCopyright notice
2016, Elsevier Inc.Usage metrics
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Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)CognitionWorking memoryDorsolateral prefrontal cortexPsychiatryScience & TechnologyLife Sciences & BiomedicineClinical NeurologyNeurosciencesNeurosciences & NeurologyTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)NONINVASIVE BRAIN-STIMULATIONHUMAN MOTOR CORTEXPREFRONTAL CORTEXTDCSEXCITABILITYENHANCEMENTPLASTICITYPOLARIZATIONIMPROVEMENTPERFORMANCE
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