Generation of underwater discharges inside gas bubbles using a 30-needles-to-plate electrode

Underwater discharges inside helium (He) gas bubbles were generated using a 30-needles-to-plate electrode system with the gas flowing through the needles. The set-up allows continuous treatment of flowing water. The plasma electron temperature and density determined from spectral line intensities and profiles of the Hα and Hβ hydrogen lines were found to be 1.1 ± 0.6 eV and ∼5 × 1016 cm-3, respectively. These parameters are comparable with those of plasmas generated by other underwater gas bubble discharges for the production of OH radicals. The two main long-lived species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrate ions (NO3-), produced in plasma treated water were measured. It was found that without a continuous water flow, the energy yield of H2O2 was comparable with other underwater discharges, while with a continuous flow, the production of H2O2 appeared to be somewhat reduced by nitrites from dissolved air.