Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Version 2 2024-10-20, 00:09
Version 1 2024-05-21, 02:48
journal contribution
posted on 2024-10-20, 00:09 authored by Youn Ho Shin, Jimin Hwang, Rosie Kwon, Seung Won Lee, Min Seo Kim, Jae Il Shin, Dong Keon Yon, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Elissa M Abrams, Yonas Derso Abtew, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Denberu Eshetie Adane Adane, Tigist Demssew Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Rishan Adha, Amin Adibi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Anurag Agrawal, Sohail Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Sayer Al-Azzam, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Vahid Alipour, Zaid Altaany, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Hany Aly, Adnan Ansar, Judie Arulappan, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Avinash Aujayeb, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mahsa Babaei, Hassan Babamohamadi, Alaa Badawi, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Khuloud Bajbouj, Maciej Banach, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Isabela M Bensenor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Kebede A Beyene, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Andras Bikov, Jiao Cai, Paulo Camargos, Josip Car, Sinclair Carr, Andrea Carugno, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Periklis Charalampous, Mohammadreza Chashmyazdan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Dinh Toi Chu, Barbara Corso, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Dessalegn Demeke, Biniyam Demisse, Daniel Diaz, Mengistie Diress, Deepa Dongarwar, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Muhammed Elhadi, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Habtamu Esubalew, Farshid Etaee, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Ali Fatehizadeh, Syeda Anum Fatima Fatima, Xiaoqi Feng, Mohammad Fereidouni, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Abera Getachew Obsa, Fataneh Ghadirian, Seyyed Hadi Ghamari, Sherief Ghozy, Richard F Gillum, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, Admasu Belay AB Gizaw, Mohamad Goldust, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Sapna Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Md Abdul Hannan, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hamidreza Hasani, Abdiwahab Hashi, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Behzad Heibati, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Shakhaoat Hossain, Salman Hussain, Bing Fang Hwang, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Rana Irilouzadian, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Zhanat Bakhitovna IZB Ispayeva, Chidozie CD Iwu, Linda Merin J, Maziar Jajarmi, Elham Jamshidi, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Shubha Jayaram, Rime Jebai, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Billingsley Kaambwa, Zubair Kabir, Feroze Kaliyadan, Himal Kandel, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Hanie Karimi, Harkiran Kaur, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Imteyaz A Khan, Maseer Khan, Moien AB Khan, Saval Khanal, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Biruk Getahun Kibret, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Pavel Kolkhir, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Oleksii Korzh, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Claudia E Kuehni, G Anil Kumar, Om P Kurmi, LV Simhachalam Kutikuppala, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Judit Lám, Bagher Larijani, Kamaluddin Latief, Paolo Lauriola, Thao Thi Thu Le, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Ming Chieh Li, Shanshan Li, Virendra S Ligade, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Wei Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Chun Han Lo, Graciliana Lopes, Soundarya Mahalingam, Sandeep B Maharaj, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad Reza Malekpour, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Andrea Maugeri, John Robert Carabeo Medina, Ritesh G Menezes, George A Mensah, Alexios Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Awoke Misganaw, Manish Mishra, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Md Moniruzzaman, Temesgen Mulugeta, Daniel Munblit, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Ghulam Mustafa, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Vinay Nangia, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Hasan Nassereldine, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Tze Pin Ng, Dang H Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Hasti Nouraei, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Rahman Md Obaidur, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Hans Orru, PA Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Anamika Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Eun Kee Park, Jay Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Venkata Suresh Patthipati, Uttam Paudel, Marcos Pereira, Renato B Pereira, Ionela Roxana Petcu, Indrashis Podder, Vivek Podder, Arash Pour Mohammad, Ibrahim Qattea, Navid Rabiee, Mehran Rahimi, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Prashant Rajput, Pradhum Ram, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Indu Ramachandra Rao, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Nakul Ravikumar, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Aavishkar Raj Regmi, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Luca Ronfani, Aly MA Saad, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Joseph W Sakshaug, Saina Salahi, Sana Salehi, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Made Ary Sarasmita, Maryam Sarkhosh, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Humaira Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohd Shanawaz, Aziz Sheikh, Shashank Shekhar, Mika Shigematsu, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Colin R Simpson, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Virendra Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Mindy D Szeto, Iman M Talaat, Jacques JL Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker Kan Tan, Nathan Y Tat, Mohamad Hani Temsah, Dufera Rikitu Terefa, Riki Tesler, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Tala Tillawi, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Sana Ullah, Era Upadhyay, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, Job FM van Boven, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Georgios Ioannis Verras, Rafael José Vieira, Francesco S Violante, Theo Vos, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Hywel C Williams, Dereje Y Yada, Yazachew Yismaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Heather J Zar, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Mohammad A Zeineddine, Getachew Assefa Zenebe, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Mohammad ZoladlAbstractBackgroundAsthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic allergic conditions, along with allergic rhinitis and food allergy and cause high morbidity and mortality both in children and adults. This study aims to evaluate the global, regional, national, and temporal trends of the burden of asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019 and analyze their associations with geographic, demographic, social, and clinical factors.MethodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we assessed the age‐standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of both asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019, stratified by geographic region, age, sex, and socio‐demographic index (SDI). DALYs were calculated as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost to premature mortality. Additionally, the disease burden of asthma attributable to high body mass index, occupational asthmagens, and smoking was described.ResultsIn 2019, there were a total of 262 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million] cases of asthma and 171 million [95% UI: 165–178 million] total cases of AD globally; age‐standardized prevalence rates were 3416 [95% UI: 2899–4066] and 2277 [95% UI: 2192–2369] per 100,000 population for asthma and AD, respectively, a 24.1% [95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8] decrease for asthma and a 4.3% [95% UI: 3.8–4.8] decrease for AD compared to baseline in 1990. Both asthma and AD had similar trends according to age, with age‐specific prevalence rates peaking at age 5–9 years and rising again in adulthood. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and AD were both higher for individuals with higher SDI; however, mortality and DALYs rates of individuals with asthma had a reverse trend, with higher mortality and DALYs rates in those in the lower SDI quintiles. Of the three risk factors, high body mass index contributed to the highest DALYs and deaths due to asthma, accounting for a total of 3.65 million [95% UI: 2.14–5.60 million] asthma DALYs and 75,377 [95% UI: 40,615–122,841] asthma deaths.ConclusionsAsthma and AD continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age‐standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Although both are more frequent at younger ages and more prevalent in high‐SDI countries, each condition has distinct temporal and regional characteristics. Understanding the temporospatial trends in the disease burden of asthma and AD could guide future policies and interventions to better manage these diseases worldwide and achieve equity in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
