Investigation of IRGANOX® 1076 as a dosimeter for clinical X-ray, electron and proton beams and its EPR angular response

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd The suitability of IRGANOX ® 1076 in paraffin wax as a near-tissue equivalent radiation dosimeter was investigated for various radiotherapy beam types; kV and MV X-rays, electrons and protons over clinically-relevant doses (2 −20 Gy). The radical formed upon exposure to ionising radiations was measured by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and the single peak signal obtained for solid solutions of IRGANOX ® 1076 in wax is attributed to the phenoxyl radical obtained by net loss of H • . Irradiation of solid IRGANOX ® 1076 gives a doublet consistent with the formation of the phenol cation radical, obtained by electron loss. Solid solutions of IRGANOX ® 1076 in paraffin wax give a linear dose response for all types of radiations examined, which was energy independent for MV, electron and proton beams, and energy-dependent for kV X-ray irradiation. Reliable dose measurements were obtained with exposures as low as 2 Gy, and comparisons with alanine wax-pellets containing the same amount of dosimeter material (w/w) gave similar responses for all beam types investigated. Post-irradiation measurements (up to 77 days for proton irradiation for samples stored in the dark and at room temperature) indicate good signal stability with minimal signal fading (between 1.6 to 3.8%). Relative to alanine dosimeters, solid solutions of IRGANOX ® 1076 in wax give EPR signals with better sensitivity at low dose and do not significantly change with the orientation of the sample. Solid solutions of IRGANOX ® 1076 are ideal for applications in radiotherapy dosimetry for X-rays and charged particles, as IRGANOX ® 1076 is relatively cheap, can easily and reproducibly prepared in wax and be moulded to different shapes.