Long-term strength adaptation: A 15-year analysis of powerlifting athletes

Latella, C, Teo, W-P, Spathis, J, and van den Hoek, D. Long-term strength adaptation: A 15-year analysis of powerlifting athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(9): 2412-2418, 2020-Strength is a fundamental component of athletic performance and development. This investigation examined the long-term strength development of powerlifting (PL) athletes. The rate of strength gain/day was assessed in 1897 PL athletes (F 5 626, M 5 1,271) over a 15-year period (2003-2018). Independent T-tests explored sex differences in baseline absolute (kg) and relative strength (kg·body mass21 [bm]) recorded from the first competition, and strength gain/day (kg·d21). Analyses based on initial strength quartiles were conducted using one-way analysis of variances with significance set at p, 0.05. Bivariate correlational analysis tested for relationships between strength gain/day and baseline strength, the number of competitions, and mean days between competitions. Males had greater absolute (M: 513.3 6 99.8 kg, F: 289.4 6 55.7 kg, p, 0.001) and relative (M: 5.89 6 1.04 kg·bm21, F: 4.27 6 0.85 kg·bm21, p, 0.001) strength at baseline. Overall, strength gain/day (F: 0.12 6 0.69 kg·d21, M: 0.15 6 0.44 kg·d21, p 5 0.318) was similar between sexes. However, the strongest males showed a lower rate of strength improvement (0.102 kg·d21) compared with least strong males (0.211 kg·d21), p 5 0.010. No differences were observed across quartiles for females. Correlational analyses revealed significant but weak negative relationships between strength gain/day and the mean days between competitions for females (r2 5 20.120, p 5 0.003) and males (r2 5 2 0.190, p, 0.001). Similar relationships were observed for baseline strength (r2 5 20.073, p 5 0.009) and the number of competitions (r2 5 20.111, p, 0.001) for males. The results suggest similar strength adaptation between sexes. The strongest males improve more slowly, possibly due to a ceiling effect. Collectively, the findings provide novel evidence of real-world long-term strength adaptations that may be particularly useful to understand athlete development, to aid periodized programming, and to benchmark strength over time.