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Modifying the bitterness of selected oral pharmaceuticals with cation and anion series of salts
Purpose. NaCl has proven to be an effective bitterness inhibitor, but the reason remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a variety of cations and anions on the bitterness of selected oral pharmaceuticals and bitter taste stimuli: pseudoephedrine, ranitidine, acetaminophen, quinine, and urea.
Method. Human psychophysical taste evaluation using a whole mouth exposure procedure was used.
Results. The cations (all associated with the acetate anion) inhibited bitterness when mixed with pharmaceutical solutions to varying degrees. The sodium cation significantly (P < 0.003) inhibited bitterness of the pharmaceuticals more than the other cations. The anions (all associated with the sodium cation) also inhibited bitterness to varying degrees. With the exception of salicylate, the glutamate and adenosine monophosphate anions significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited bitterness of the pharmaceuticals more than the other anions. Also, there were several specific inhibitory interactions between ammonium, sodium and salicylate and certain pharmaceuticals.
Conclusions. We conclude that sodium was the most successful cation and glutamate and AMP were the most successful anions at inhibiting bitterness. Structure forming and breaking properties of ions, as predicted by the Hofmeister series, and other physical-chemical ion properties failed to significantly predict bitterness inhibition.
Method. Human psychophysical taste evaluation using a whole mouth exposure procedure was used.
Results. The cations (all associated with the acetate anion) inhibited bitterness when mixed with pharmaceutical solutions to varying degrees. The sodium cation significantly (P < 0.003) inhibited bitterness of the pharmaceuticals more than the other cations. The anions (all associated with the sodium cation) also inhibited bitterness to varying degrees. With the exception of salicylate, the glutamate and adenosine monophosphate anions significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited bitterness of the pharmaceuticals more than the other anions. Also, there were several specific inhibitory interactions between ammonium, sodium and salicylate and certain pharmaceuticals.
Conclusions. We conclude that sodium was the most successful cation and glutamate and AMP were the most successful anions at inhibiting bitterness. Structure forming and breaking properties of ions, as predicted by the Hofmeister series, and other physical-chemical ion properties failed to significantly predict bitterness inhibition.
History
Journal
Pharmaceutical researchVolume
19Issue
7Pagination
1019 - 1026Publisher
Springer NetherlandsLocation
Dordrecht, NetherlandsISSN
0724-8741eISSN
1573-904XLanguage
engNotes
The original publication can be found at www.springerlink.comPublication classification
C1.1 Refereed article in a scholarly journalCopyright notice
2002, Plenum Publishing CorporationUsage metrics
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bitter tastebitterness blockingsalts psychophysicspseudoephedrineranitidineacetaminophenScience & TechnologyPhysical SciencesLife Sciences & BiomedicineChemistry, MultidisciplinaryPharmacology & PharmacyChemistrysaltstaste psychophysicsTHICK ASCENDING LIMBQUININE HCL\/NACL MIXTURESTASTE RECEPTORSSODIUM-SALTSTRANSDUCTIONSUPPRESSIONPERCEPTIONTRANSPORTRESPONSESNACL
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