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Nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes in a mechano-thermal process
journal contribution
posted on 2004-01-01, 00:00 authored by Ying (Ian) ChenYing (Ian) Chen, M Conway, J Fitzgerald, J Williams, L ChaddertonSeparate nucleation and growth processes of carbon nanotubes were found in a mechano-thermal method in which carbon nanotubes are produced by first mechanical milling of graphite powder at room temperature and subsequent thermal annealing up to 1400 °C. The ball-milled graphite contains nucleation structures (nanosized metal particles and deformed (0 0 2) layers containing pentagons), and disordered carbon as a free carbon atom source. The subsequent annealing activates the growth of two types of multi-walled nanotubes in the absence of carbon vapor. Thin nanotubes (diameter <20 nm) are formed via crystallization of the disordered carbon with the preferred formation of the (0 0 2) basal planes. Thick nanotubes (diameter >20 nm) are formed through a metal catalytic solution–precipitation process (solid–liquid–solid). In both cases, carbon nanotubes grew out from disordered carbon particles with closed tips.
History
Journal
CarbonVolume
42Issue
8-9Pagination
1543 - 1548Publisher
Elsevier LtdLocation
New York, N.Y.Publisher DOI
ISSN
0008-6223eISSN
1873-3891Language
engNotes
Available online 16 March 2004Publication classification
C1.1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal; C Journal articleCopyright notice
2004, Elsevier LtdUsage metrics
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