Nutrition support use and clinical outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplant

Purpose: Malnutrition is associated with worse outcomes post-haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with nutrition support recommended for people who are malnourished or have prolonged inadequate energy intake. We investigated associations between nutritional status, nutrition support type and clinical outcomes in adults with multiple myeloma post stem cell transplantation. Methods: Medical records (2015–2020) were reviewed to retrieve demographics, anthropometry, dietary data, nutrition support type (enteral/oral versus parenteral), and clinical outcomes (engraftment time, infection, length of stay, weight changes). Relationships were examined using linear regression modelling and Fisher’s exact test. Results: One hundred thirteen participants were included (61% male; median age 62 years). Fifteen participants (13%) received parenteral and 98 (87%) received enteral/oral nutrition support. Parenteral nutrition was associated with shorter platelet engraftment time by 2.7 days (p = 0.036) and a longer hospital stay by 6.1 days (p < 0.001). Nutrition support was not associated with neutrophil engraftment time (p = 0.365). Inadequate energy intake for ≥ 7 days was not associated with any clinical outcomes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Participants who received parenteral nutrition reached platelet engraftment sooner but were in hospital longer. Inadequate energy intake for ≥ 7 days did not impact clinical outcomes. Multi-site prospective studies are warranted to confirm results.