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Salt appetite, and the influence of opioids
Due to the biological importance of sodium and its relative scarcity within many natural environments, 'salt appetite' has evolved whereby dietary salt is highly sought after and palatable when tasted. In addition to peripheral responses, salt depletion is detected within the brain via circumventricular organs and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) neurons to increase salt appetite. Salt appetite is comprised of two main components. One component is the incentive salience or motivation for salt (i.e. how much salt is 'wanted'). Incentive salience is dynamic and largely depends on internal homeostatic conditions in combination with the detection of relevant cues. It involves the mesolimbic system and structures such as the central amygdala, and opioid signalling within these regions can increase salt intake in rodents. A second key feature is the hedonic palatability of salt (i.e. how much it is 'liked') when it is tasted. After detection on the tongue, gustatory information passes through the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract and thalamus, before being consciously detected within the gustatory cerebral cortex. The positive or negative hedonic value of this stimulus is also dynamic, and is encoded by a network including the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. Opioid signalling within these areas can alter salt intake, and 'liking'. The overconsumption of dietary salt likely contributes to hypertension and associated diseases, and hence further characterising the role played by opioid signalling has important implications for human health.
History
Journal
Neurochemical researchVolume
43Issue
1Pagination
12 - 18Publisher
SpringerLocation
New York, N.Y.Publisher DOI
eISSN
1573-6903Language
engPublication classification
C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal; C Journal articleCopyright notice
2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLCUsage metrics
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Incentive salienceOpioidsPalatabilityRewardSalt appetiteScience & TechnologyLife Sciences & BiomedicineBiochemistry & Molecular BiologyNeurosciencesNeurosciences & NeurologyLATERAL PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUSHYPERTONIC SODIUM-INTAKETASTE REACTIVITY TESTVENTRAL PALLIDUMHEDONIC IMPACTSTRIA TERMINALISCENTRAL AMYGDALAACCUMBENS SHELLFOOD REWARDSMUTANT MICE
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