Same question, new answers. Heuristic tests for conduct which distorts markets

Harm to the process of competition is difficult to distinguish from the operation of natural market forces. A standard tool for assessing whether an oligopolist has misused its market power is the hypothetical competitive market. An alternative has been proposed to assess competition misconduct: 'zero-sum competition' and 'market manipulation.' While providing an interesting theoretical framework, these tools have not yet been sufficiently developed to assist competition regulators or the courts.