Sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are proving to be an emergent technology with potentially very attractive properties, with key components predominantly synthesized from low-cost, abundant materials with secure supply chains. Advances in SIB electrode materials, the development of SIB electrolytes, characterization techniques and modeling, as well as the scale up and commercialization of SIB systems are discussed. An overview of sodium battery research carried out during the last 50 yr is provided and includes 14 reviews and one industrial progress report. In order to develop advanced design strategies suitable for future SIB research, it is important to understand their physical and electrochemical processes.