File(s) under permanent embargo
The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis
journal contribution
posted on 2020-04-20, 00:00 authored by Gerwyn Morris, B K Puri, Michael Maes, Lisa OliveLisa Olive, Michael BerkMichael Berk, A F CarvalhoA comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation of predominantly pro-inflammatory microglial phenotypes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroprogressive diseases and is associated with reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, increased ATP generation by glycolysis, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress and other metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal insults. Microglia can also adopt a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotypes with neuroprotective properties. Strategies that promote and maintain a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype may hold promise as novel therapeutic opportunities for neuroprogressive illness. Induced ketosis may promote a transition towards predominantly anti-inflammatory microglial states/phenotypes by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glycolysis and increased NAD+ production; engagement of microglial GPR109A receptors; histone deacetylase inhibition; and elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Since microglia activation can now be assessed in vivo, these data provide a clear rationale for the design of transdiagnostic randomized controlled trials of the ketogenic diet and other ketosis-inducing strategies for neuroprogressive diseases, which may also provide mechanistic insights through the assessment of “target engagement”.
History
Journal
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological PsychiatryVolume
99Publisher DOI
ISSN
0278-5846eISSN
1878-4216Publication classification
C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journalUsage metrics
Read the peer-reviewed publication
Categories
Keywords
Science & TechnologyLife Sciences & BiomedicineClinical NeurologyNeurosciencesPharmacology & PharmacyPsychiatryNeurosciences & NeurologyKetogenic dietKetosisMicrogliaInflammationNeuroprogressionNF-KAPPA-BACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMANLRP3 INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATIONPOLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDSTRAUMATIC BRAIN-INJURYREGULATE HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESISCENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEMNADPH OXIDASEPPAR-GAMMA