Unlocking Australia’s AI usage in law enforcement from human involvement perspective: a systematic literature review

Abstract Exploring human trust in artificial intelligence (AI) in Law Enforcement domain is paramount for its ethical and effective deployment. As AI systems become increasingly integrated into society, trust ensures transparency, accountability, and fairness in their deployment. Despite the rapid increase in discussion about AI usage in law enforcement in various sectors globally, no secondary research explores that for OCEANIA, specifically in Australia. Moreover, how humans are considered in AI law enforcement is an uninvestigated area in this region. This paper aims to investigate this gap by systematically exploring various applications used in this region and analyzing how human perspectives are used, and to what extent. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) based on 56 qualitatively selected studies to (i) classify the types, frequency, and demography of published research; (ii) explore how AI is leveraged; (iii) identify how and to what extent humans are considered in development and applications of AI in law enforcement; (iv) understand the challenges and solutions reported in this domain and worldwide. In summary, our findings point to the need for solutions to address operational and ethical issues in integrating AI into law enforcement and for unified legislation or regulations to effectively design and utilize AI in this domain. Based on the findings that highlight the important concerns in this domain, we recommend a list of future research directions.