Fig. 22 -View oí the Bluff on the Brunswick side of the Moonee Valley, near the bridge leading to Brunswick Road.

Fig. 26—View of Anticline with a Pitch down stream, in the bed of the Moonee Creek,

adjoining the Moonee Valley Racecourse.

We are also told that a study of such columns will show that they are arranged at right angles to the plane of cooling.

Fig. 29—The Corporation Quarry. Clifton Hill, showing the western face of basalt.

Fig. 31 —Present view of Dight’s Falls, taken from the north side, showing at the bend of the river the anticlinal fold with its intruded igneous dyke

l

rw

rig 33 -Silurian Strata as seen near the end of Johnston Street Bridge.

NEWER BASALT

34— Geological map of the Yarra Valley, near Studley Park,

poor plant has had another brilliant victory, even though it may appear to be drawing its vital supplies tinder such great difficulties, and struggling for existence at such an unfavourable spot.

Faulting is much in evidence at the latter end of this section, and it is practically impossible to follow

the proper sequence of the beds for any distance. In fact, folding and squeezing are so common, as well as fracturing, that we can only conclude that the rocks here show us a zone of very considerable disturbance. When, however, the enormity of the forces with which Nature works is understood, the perfection of the rtsuits is all the more wonderful.

CHAPTER XII.

The River Yarra.

Looking south from Prince’s Bridge, it is not very difficult to appreciate that the St. Kilda-road has been artificially built up to its present level, and within the memory of many the lower level of this road is very familiar. At the back of the boat sheds, and along by Brander’s Ferry, the old lagoons and billabongs were other familiar features; but these have all been artificially reclaimed, and. though considerably elevated. a sufficient depression is still visible to enable the original characteristics to be indicated. On the South Melbourne side a similar depression may be traced along the back of the Military Barracks, through to the Albert Park Lagoon, and thence to the sea through Beaconslield-parade.

Those who remember the Hood of 1891 will recollect that the flood waters were still able to define this old course of the stream. Sewerage excavations across this track have also proved the existence of a considerable thickness of old river silt, and there can, therefore, be little doubt that this course was at one time followed by the lower Yarra. But as the fall of the stream became less and less, the silting up of its course became more marked, until drift timber and Hood conditions eventually formed a dam, which caused the water to rise to a sufficient height to flow over and afterwards cut through the basaltic barrier known as the Falls, and so make the course for itselt which was found by the white man when he first explored these parts.

The high ground on which (lovernment House stands is composed mainly of the old Silurian bed rock of Melbourne, and artificial sections through this rock

may now be seen along tlie Alexandra Avenue. These rocks are well and evenly stratified, and their succession of layers of sand, sandy mud, and mud, which

have become hardened and cemented into sandstones, mudstones and shales, are now inclined at varying angles to the horizontal, and in some cases curved and bent like so many sheets of paper. These sediments were originally laid down horizontally in a comparatively (jiiiet and calm sea of probably no very great depth. We want, however, evidence of this from the rocks themselves, and. bv a careful examination

Fig. 36—Plan of the Hrickmakers’ Area, south of the Yarra, about

the year 1841.

of some of the finer grained mudstones, one will be amply repaid by a full and interesting series of fossils, which are, in the first place, distinctly marine forms of life; and, in the second, comparatively shallow water inhabitants. Taking these facts in association with

Fig. 37. The old lagoon at the rear of the Prince's Bridge B^atsheds.

Reproduced from a photograph taken during lite seventies from an elevated position in Collins Street.

The object of this view is to show the low-lving »¿round on the South Melbourne side of the St. Kilda Road, running through to the Albert Park Lagoon, and to indicate the old Yarra course in this direction. The old lagoon at the back of boatsheds was an artificial production rendered necessary by the condition in which this area was left by the brickmakers of the forties.

the character of the sediments, and their rapid alternations of sand and mud, we have ample evidence in favour of the statements which have been made. Being a marine deposit then, deposition of the layers could not have been as we now find them, tilted at varying angles, creased, folded, broken and dislocated in many ways. All these features are due to subsequent movements, and have been developed in the beds in their later history. The inclination which the strata now make with the horizontal is called the

Dip,” and is defined exactly by two determinations —firstly, the direction of the inclination; and, secondly, the amount of the angle of inclination. The ' true ” dip is, of course, the steepest angle, and any deviation which may be made from the true direction of the dip will give to the observer only the “ apparent ” angle of dip, and this, of course, will be less than the true dip.

'l lie cracks which we see running through the beds in different directions, and frequently cutting one another in such a way as to leave wedge-shaped portions, but without any dislocation of the layers on either side of these cracks, are, as we have already seen at Moonee Valley and Studley bark, called

joints.” Differences in the development of these joints in different sediments may, however, be noted, the line sandstone layers being not only picked out by their appearance, but the joints are usually more minutely marked than in some of the mudstone layers, where they are often developed only on a larger scale. As a rule, the finer and more homogeneous the rock, the closer and finer the jointing, even to the development of small, dice-like pieces. Several cracks may also be noticed in these rocks, which can be distinguished from the foregoing, as there is a discontinuity of the strata on either side of them, and here again we have “ Faults. V hen there is a simple fall away of the beds on one side of the fault, such are known as “ normal faults,” but when the strata on one side have been pushed up and over the other side we

The River Yarra.

Fig. 33—Dip in Silurian Strata, Flinders Street Hast, adjoining

Australian Church.

have a *' reversed fault.” It is this latter type which may be best illustrated in these sections. Evidence of folding is also present, and crumpling may also be seen to some extent, but the rocks have been so shattered and distorted by faulting that it is out of the question to follow any of the fold axes for any distance.

Folding and pitch could at one time be well illustrated near the old pumping house for the Botanical Gardens, but the pumping house has now been removed, since it was no longer of any use when the remainder of the basaltic barrier which formed the Queen s Falls was artificially removed, the sea water then being able at every tide to ascend to these parts, and to many miles higher up as well, and the section which was so instructive at this locality is now so overgrown by ivy that, from a geological point of view, it has lost its usefulness.

A little further up, and above Brander’s Ferry, when the river was being widened, an abundance of marine shells were found in the neighbourhood of the Friendly Societies' Gardens. These marine shells are identical in species with those obtainable from the lower layers of silt in the West Melbourne Swamp, and there can be no doubt that the old Yarra valley was drowned in such a way that its lower reaches, at any rate up to the neighbourhood of Burnley, formed a marine estuary, these conditions existing in Pleistocene time.

This part of the Yarra valley is of considerably greater width than in the vicinity of Prince's Bridge, and the old river silts and alluviums have been covered by a lava flow. Everyone is familiar with the ordinary basaltic boulders which crop out at the surface of the flats on the northern side of the river, and comment has frequently been made on the absence of the lava flow from the southern side, but this lava flow simply ran down the old Yarra valley and filled up the ueepest ground—the quarries at Burnley and at Clifton Hill show the buried bed of the river, containing, amongst other remains, old drift timber. ^r\ hese facts do not

The River Yarra

Fig. 39—Reversed Fault and Crumpled Strata (Silurian), adjoining the Australian Church

Flinders Street F'.ast.

allow any very great antiquity to this lava flow. Unfortunately, its exact association with the silt carrying marine shells has not yet been clearly made out. If the marine shell deposit rests on the lava, then the lava must he Pleistocene or older; but if, on the other hand, the shell deposit is beneath the lava flow, the lava must be of Pleistocene age or younger. Before leaving the Alexandra Avenue sections there is a wall of a light cream coloured rock, which appears to conform to the slope of the sandstones and mudstones, but, although some 15 or 18 feet in thickness in this section, there is no evidence of bedding to be seen in it. It is jointed, but the joints are of a somewhat dif-erent character from those in the beds immediately adjoining. The rock, in hand specimens, looks very much like a sandstone. It is, however, very hard and tough, when not decomposed, and an examination of a fresh fracture fails to show any sand grains through it. On a more minute microscopic examination it will probably be found that this rock is made up of an intimate admixture of very fine grained felspar and quartz, and occasionally larger sized crystals of felspar and blebs, or crystals, of quartz, as well as a few other minerals. It is really, then, something of a quartz porphyry or felspar-porphyry, or. perhaps, where neither the quartz nor felspar can be clearly made out, it might conveniently be termed a felsitic rock.

An examination of this section at one time was able to show that this rock really occupies a fault plane, and that the conformity to the enclosing sandstones and mudstones was apparent only, and not real. Now several of the points which enabled these conclusions to be made are covered by growths of ivy. d his dyke rock has resisted weathering better than the enclosing sediments, and forms a hard core through this part of the country, and has undoubtedly had some influence on its contour, as well as on the course of the stream.

Fossils used to be readily obtainable from the out-

crop a little to the Melbourne side of the lower entrance to the Botanical Gardens, but now we find the face of rock converted into a garden, and a barbed wire fence running along the foot of it to protect it, no doubt, from such vandals as geologists.

Stratification, or bedding, joints, faults, and dykes may again be studied higher up the river, and above die Monier Bridge, but, judging by the way in which these parts are now being fenced up, it may be only a short time before the unsightliness of bare rocks so palls on the popular mind that plant decorations will be voted as more pleasant to look upon. Still, let us hope that this very pleasant walk will be allowed to retain sufficient of its naturalness to be instructive to those of tts who are geologically inclined. At present the pathway along the higher part of this walk is extremely useful as showing the different aspect of many structural features on the ground plan, as contrasted with the vertical sections along the face of the excavations; and it is to be hoped that it will always remain such, and not get a coating of asphalt or other material to cover tip its usefulness. After a dry spell these features are not very clearly seen in plan, but a shower of rain soon helps one to detect the course or strike of the various beds and to pick out other important features as well.

As the Railway Bridge is approached, a very great amount of rock has had to be piled up to reclaim the low-lying river banks, and form a foundation for the new roadway, and this rock has many a time proved a happy hunting ground for our fossil collectors ; but, alas! this is even now a thing of the past, as more and more of the roadway is being blinded and covered over with earthy material. Still, the artificial changes which have been carried out in this neighbourhood must be recorded and borne in mind for possible reference in the future as well as for present information.

Crossing the railway lines, and proceeding eastwards to the fine face of rock just to this side of

Church-street Bridge, or Chapel-street, the general character of the bedding of the Silurian rocks may be thoroughly examined, as well as other structures which have been induced in them. The most notice

able feature to which attention must he drawn is the presence along fault planes of igneous dykes. The dykes in this section are in striking contrast to that already described near the Melbourne end of the Alexandra Avenue, for. whereas the latter looked like a sandstone, and had resisted the ravages of time better than the rocks into which it had been intruded, the former are now but wrecks of their original selves, and little more than an iron stained, greasy, clay-like material, but still containing some large flakes of dark-coloured altered mica, evidently originally a black mica—perhaps biotite.

Judging by the remains of the dyke rock, it would appear to have been rich in iron and magnesian minerals, and, in all probability, was originally a rock belonging to the basic class in which the above minerals predominate over the silica. A rock in all probability belonging to the Lamprophyre class. In the felsitic dyke rock the silica largely predominates over the basic constitutents, and, therefore, the rock belongs to the acid class, d ints, along this section as a whole, it is especially valuable to point out tw’o such divergent types of dyke rock, their mode of occurrence, and their respective durability. At lirst sight, one might think that the rock which has undergone the most decomposition ought to be the older, but dtte consideration must be given to the chemical make-up of the minerals composing each rock, and their relative liability to suffer change in the hands of Nature’s agents. Such evidence as is available all points to the far greater antiquity of the felsitic dyke rock, notwithstanding its relatively sound condition even to-day; and the severe changes which have taken place in the basic rock have been due rather to the chemical instability of the minerals in it, and it is now a difficult matter to gain a proper appreciation of its appearance and exact composition in the unaltered state.

A short time ago it was necessary to climb round the bank and up to the roadway, which, on the South side of the river, is know as Chapel-street, but now the last residential obstacle has been removed, and the foundation for a broad expanse of level roadway can be traversed. There was a deep and valuable cutting through which the road from the bridge rims. Alas i the doom of the whole of this is already evident. The eastern wall used to show a splendid little dyke of very much decomposed basic rock, which thins out entirely before it reaches the top of the section. It is not often that such a clear illustration of the manner of intrusion of the dyke rocks is to be seen ; for, when the student is told that the rock was, perhaps, something of the nature of a basalt, he is often inclined, as he sees it

Fig 41—Chapel Street Dyke.

reaching to the present surface, to think that it must necessarily have been volcanic, and that the volcanic mound on the surface has been removed and only the neck or plugged vent left to tell the talc. W hereas, the reason for its reaching the surface is really due to the removal of thousands of feet of overlying sediments.

Turning to the western face, the oblique course of this dyke, relative to the roadway, could be clearly discerned, and it was not at all difficult to pick up its continuation on that face as well.

I'lie South Yarra Brick Co. has evidently obtained rights to remove the whole of the eastern wall down to the level of the pathway, for they have already made considerable inroads into this material from the rear. 11 ere, again, we must deplore the prospective loss of an admirable teaching ground, for it is to be improved off the face of the earth, and soon we will be compelled to look a little further afield for even less perfect illustrations to answer our ordinary necessities. Another brick company is at work on the western wall, and already serious inroads have been made, and a lot of this valuable material has been converted into bricks.

The sedimentary rocks here are sometimes spoken of as being very rotten. Now, as they are mainly sandtones and mudstones, we may pause to enquire how they rot. First, it may be noticed that near the surface these rocks usually show a tendency to bleach or lose their colour, but a little below the surface they become light yellow or fawn, and then brown, and sometimes show a dark blue-grey tint or slate colour. Along the joint faces, too, a concentration of the altered colouring matter, in the form of hydrated iron oxide, may be noted in the dark brown layers occupying such positions. Now, where has this concentrated iron oxide come from but out of the adjoining rock? And, consequetly. the rock is not only losing colouring matter, but also its cementing or binding material, and when that happens the coherence of the residual sediments may not be very strong. Expansion and contraction follow, owing to changes of temperature, and every shower of rain will tend to loosen particle bv particle, and so the rock is broken away, to be carried mechanically to lower levels by every little runnel till it reaches the river, and everyone is familiar with the yellowish turbidity of our noble Yarra after a little rainfall. Here, then, is the history of the decay and breakdown of our old Silurian sediments, and they are now contributing to the formation of the sediments which are constantly silting up our shallow Hobson’s Bay. But what about the disintegrated material which remains in situ or in its natural position, or, at any rate, is not removed far from its original source? Well, this is what forms the soil which, in some cases, may rest directly on the bedrock, while, in others, it passes by a series of stages through subsoil to bedrock.

Now that the mineral character of the Silurian rocks has been discussed, the poorness of the soils derived therefrom, in the form of barren sands, sandy clays, and clays, may perhaps be better understood.

ran

42—Geological map of a portion of the Varia Valley, with an indication of the river improvements.

CM A ITER Xlll.

St. Kilda to Brighton.

Take the St. Hilda cable tram from Prince’s Bridge and alight at the beach end of Fitzroy-street.

Leaving the St. Kilda tram at the end of Fitzroy-street, and proceeding to the high ground near the entrance to Kenny’s Baths, a spot can be pointed out where once an outcrop of Silurian rock similar to the bedrock of Melbourne could be examined. And some may remember this Silurian projection into the sea before even the old Milestone retaining wall was erected along this part of the foreshore; and many a child, and even adult, has derived considerable pleasure in their hunt for mussels and winkles on those natural rocks. Now, however, even the Milestone wall has been removed, and another wall built up much further out, and thus a considerable area has been reclaimed and converted into lawns and gardens, as well as carrying commodious yacht club premises.

Passing on to the beach, an extensive stretch of fine sand is to be met with, and an examination with a pocket lens of any casual handtul will show that it is mainly composed of shiny and glassy quartz grains, but some opaque, milky white shell fragments, and a few dark brown, iron-bearing grains are present as well.

The careful sorting of the sand according to coarseness may be easily studied on a calm day, when theie is only the gentle swill to and fro, and a little way in from the water’s edge the formation and charactei istics of the sand ripples are ripe for yielding their share of information as to shape, size, spacing, continuity, and coarseness; but when the strong winds are blowing,

and a stormy sea prevails, then there is a general stirring up and mixing of all grades indiscriminately, and a good width of beach is smoothed over and held in position by being wet. while, where the sand is dry above the high tide mark or storm tide mark, as the case may be. one may feel a regular sand-blast on any exposed part of the body, and the inland march of this sand, which has been piled up beyond the reach of the water, is now controlled by the wind.

Proceeding towards Point Ormond, the ingenuity of man is brought into play in reclaiming a dirty, silty foreshore, which possessed a minimum of sandy beach, into little sandy bays, which will ultimately develop a wide stretch of clean, sandy beach.

This is being brought about by the making of artificial capes or projections into the sea. composed of old pine logs and iron wire, with an associated buttress of blocks of bluestone. ferruginous sandstones and Silurian sandstones. It is now highly interesting to note how the sand is being washed up to. and is gradually covering, these heterogeneous foundations, as well as developing pretty little sandy coves between these shore line projections.

Near this spot the possible encroachment of the sea over the land by erosion under storm conditions is checked bv a strong stone wall with a protecting apron of large blocks of rock. This wall is now being extended on a good concrete foundation, right up to Point Ormond, and parts originally occupied by the sea are being tilled up behind this wall, and thus the sea is being pushed further back again, and some (¿f the worn-out land is being made good once more.

At this part, again, the same principle is being utilised of building short walls seawards at a suitable angle to the main wall, and giving it a protecting apron of loose rock to hold and encourage the settlement of sand, and to ultimately develop a sandy beach instead of the old, rough, irregular shingle of ferruginous sandstone.

From this point of view, a low tide shows how very

shallow the water is for a long way out, and the bottom is composed of a dirty and rather smelly silt. 1 his silt is mainly the settlement of the hne sediments carried down into Hobson s Bay by the ^ arra and its tributaries, and the sea front of this deposit may otten be clearly followed from a boat in clear weather. 1 lie area to the north of a line from Point Ormond across to Point Gellibrand, or actually the whole of Hobson s Bay, has been undergoing shoaling by solid material carried into it by the river, and the continual dredging that has been resorted to, in order to keep sufficiently deep berths alongside our piers, and sufficiently deep fairway in the approach channel, should be some indication of the way in which this part of nature’s work has to be combated.

Coming now to Point Ormond itself, there used to be, but a short time ago, a low, vertical bin ft of iron-stained, sandy rocks, with a coarse shingle and rough, irregular blocks of the harder material at the foot, acting as a protecting apron. Phis small cliff used to show a peculiar mottled appearance, with patches of white, yellow, brown and red, though the browns and reds predominated. Some of the same class ot material still remains close at hand. Now, how is the mottled appearance accounted for? Well! a close inspection shows that, although in general, sands of different grades prevail, there are, nevertheless, clayey and fine sandy clay patches, and these have either entirely or partially refused to take on nature s colouring matter, owing to their lack of porosity, and consequent check to free percolation of the 11 on-beat ing solutions. By contrast, the porous sands and coarse grits are usually well cemented into a hard ioek of various shades of a brownish colour. 1 he brown colouring and cementing material is know n undei the mineral name of Limonite, which is a hydrated oxide of iron. Occasional red patches may also be noticed, and this is due to the presence of another non mineial, named Hæmatite, which is an oxide of iron without the water. In this way the mottled appearance of this section, and the irregularity of the cementing, may be explained, but due allowance must also be made for the concretionary tendencies of these oxides of iron when depositing from solution, as this accounts for some of the irregularities and peculiarities of form of some of the shingle fragments found hereabouts, which are so often taken for fossil remains by the uninitiated.

At the present time these features can only be studied on the foreshore below the artificial retaining

Fig. 43 -Sketch of Point Ormond, as it appeared from the south, before being cut down and improved.

wall that has been built up all round Point Ormond, but the original bluff has been cut away, and a broad roadway constructed in its stead, and the general appearance of the locality has been entirely changed.

There is evidence in almost every fragment of shingle, of arrangement in layers of the component fragments, and the same arrangement could be noted along the old bluff face. At first sight the beds appear horizontal, but a close tracing of any particular layer shows a more or less rapid thinning out, thus giving evidence of disturbed conditions of sedimentation rather than calm, and illustrating what is termed current-bedding, a feature only present in wind-blown deposits or shallow water deposits.

The rocks within reach of the action of the sea are instructive, and show well how such rocks are eaten away. Apart irom unequal hardness of different layers and patches, in part due to the presence or absence of a binding iron mineral, these rocks show gutters, grooves, and rounded holes known as potholes. The development of the latter is due. first, to slight depressions in the old surface acting as collecting grounds for sand and small pebbles, and then the swill to and fro by tidal and wind action on the water sets up a more or less circular movement amongst the pebbles and sand, and these are the instruments used for tiling out the holes. Of course, the sand grains become smaller, as well as the pebbles, owing to this action, and may ultimately be washed away, but fresh material is always ready to take its place and continue the attack on the hole when once commenced.

It is very common to draw attention to the water-worn pebbles in such a position, or on a shingle beach, but there must be no misconception about the term waterworn, for, as a matter of fact, the water does very little wearing except through the medium of suspended particles of hard material, which in reality do all the filing, cutting, and grinding down of softer material, and of material of equal hardness to itself.

The remains of an old camping ground of the aborigines used also to be seen on this Point, but now it is no longer distinctly recognisable, except in the very much broken up and scattered fragments of mussel and other shells associated with the sandy surface soil. The high ground here is now only a grassy knoll, and the underlying rock is only visible on the seaward side of the retaining wall.

A few years back some ill-advised folk took up a coal lease of the Point Ormond neighbourhood, and started boring for coal. After boring about too feet, they actually did strike a thin seam of a foot or so of carbonaceous matter of the lignite type, and this was only taken as an indication of better things to come, rather than the sum total of what could possibly be expected under the circumstances. So the bore went on and on, despite adverse geological opinions, till the very considerable depth of about 35°° *^{eel was} reached. Then funds gave out, and operations ceased, after a goodly expenditure by those who were ignorant of geology, and who would not believe what they were told by geologists. A little knowledge in this case would not have been a dangerous thing, but would have been sufficient to prevent a very needless waste of time, energy, and money.

Passing along the beach again, another stretch of sand has to be traversed, and a comparison with the features already noted may be made. I hen, again, a shingle made up of brown sandstone pebbles makes its reappearance, and shows the existence of the haul rock from which it is derived at no great depth below high tide level. At extreme high tide, even the shingle may be overlooked at times; whilst at extreme low tide, not only is there a good shingle margin below the sand, but the sandstone beds themselves are to be seen in situ. I liese sandstones hei e also show a stratified or bedded appearance, and a similai une\ en erosion to that noted at Point Ormond, and they will well repay the close investigator by yielding to him an abundance of fossil remains. Casts and impressions of a fair variety of animal life, of a marine shore-line character, especially of bivalve and univalve shells, may be procured. Thus the evidence is complete to warrant the statements that these ferruginous sandstones were originally deposited as sands in a more or less horizontal to slightly sloping manner under shallow’ marine conditions; and, by a comparison of the fossils with shells now living, it is evident that the beds are of Tertiary age; but it requires rather a deeper knowledge, and close, critical stud}, to be able to determine the exact subdivision of 1 ertiary time to which these deposits belong. It will he found, however, to represent about the middle of the period or Miocene, or. as it is now more often locally known, as Kalimnan.

Proceeding onwards again, the building up of sandhills or sand-dunes on a small scale calls for notice, and the wav in which certain kinds of grasses, shrubs, and trees aid in holding the sand in place, and this prevents the perpetual inland march of such accumulations. Mere buried fences can be seen, and this clearly indicates the very recent date of these sand heaps, as well as their thickness. Such deposits, however. may he here to-day and gone to-morrow, for it only requires a specially strong wind in a certain direction, associated with specially high tides, and deposits of very many years’ standing may be obliterated from one locality in an incredibly short space of time, and the material carried away and widely spread till the conditions are again favourable for its gathering-together in some suitable spot. There is no necessity to look far, then, for the sandy material which will, by degrees, accumulate along the foreshore at Point Ormond, and develop a fine, broad, sandy beach. However, the questions may well be asked—\\ hence came all this sand ? or. What rock has been broken down to yield the sand of these shores? A glance at the wear and tear that the sandy Tertiary deposits have undergone all along the eastern shores of Port Phillip should give one a sufficient clue to the correct answer to this question.

For the rest of the coastal walk to Brighton, such features as have been already described may be examined over and over again.

CHAPTER XIV.

Footscray to Laverton, via Williamstown.

Take train from Flinders-street for North Williamstown, and proceed westerly along the Kororoit Creek-road, past the Ride Ranges, to the neighbourhood of the Williamstown Racecourse, and follow the Altona Bay railway track.

This is rather an uninteresting title, and one may well imagine a somewhat sceptical opinion on what benefit would be likely to accrue from a visit to these localities. All that may be said, however, is to withhold judgment until at least one visit is paid, after attention has been drawn to what should be seen. Such a dreary waste of dry, cracked soil in the summer, and dirty, sticky mud in the winter, is hardly likely to appeal to the imagination, and yet these very facts have a strikingly definite meaning, which by this time should be distinctly appreciated.

Well! we will try a visit in this direction, and see if there may not still be something additional to learn. Our earliest maps describe this side of the bay as consisting of “ extensive, open plains/' and your attention has already been drawn to the general fall of the surface towards the sea, as well as the fact that the surface rock is an old lava flow. 1 he relation of this lava flow to the other rocks of the district is mentioned when dealing with the West Melbourne Swamp, so that reference can be made there for some of the details.

While passing over the Saltwater railway bridge, en route for W illiamstown, a glance at the alluvial flats adjoining the river may be obtained, including the Remington Racecourse. Such broad expanses tell

their own tale of oft-repeated floods, and the stranding of their burden during the wane of their existence.

Xow our view is blocked by a deep cutting, and other thoughts immediately arise concerning the rocky walls which hem us in. It can at once be seen that, under a fair thickness of soil, which is grevish when thoroughly dry, but a good black when wet, a rock similar to that we have seen at Clifton Hill and elsewhere is the material cut through at a very considerable cost of time, energy, and money. The basalt of this cutting will serve as an excellent object lesson for many of the most noteworthy features of a lava flow, and even the rapid passage of the train does not prevent an impression of the character of the joints from being obtained. Nevertheless, a stoppage at Footscray station for closer investigation would not be a waste of time, but would tend to confirm the various items previously discussed. Footscray is a great place for “ bluestone " quarries, and it is very evident that the commercial value of this rock for various purposes has not been overlooked. The quarries themselves are also alive with interest, even if we only watch the skilful methods of the quarrymen in opening up and working along a face. lie fully appreciates and uses to the best advantage the jointing in this rock, and he also finds out the grain of the rock, and takes the fullest benefit out of it, in splitting out, dividing up, or spalling, as the case may be. .So by instinct this man is a geologist, but he would not admit it for the world, because he prides himself on his practical knowledge, and that is something that he could never allow that a geologist possesses. lie will even smile when he sees some of the crude attempts made by visitors to break off or shape up a specimen, as he perceives the way in which simple points are so often overlooked, and easy work is made difficult. As we proceed on our journey to North W illiamstown, and pass over the basaltic country, we note that its surface is not perfectly fiat, but it is frequently broken into small undulations and occasional valleys by the local drainage. Then, apart from looking at such superficial changes as may he evident on the surface, including the formation of soil in situ, there are a few other thoughts which may occupy our attention as we pass along in the train.

We have spoken of the lava flow, or of the molten rock, which covered over the old land surface of these parts, and smoothed over most, if not all, of its irregularities. How do we know that this rock was once molten ? Well! an examination of the way in which it has moulded itself on to the surface over which it travelled may he taken as one point in favour of such a conclusion; while, as a second point, there is the nature of its own upper surface where still left in something like its original state. It is of a ropy and slag-like character, with evidences of a flowing movement. such as may he examined in association with the modern outpourings from Mount \ esuvius or other equally well-known points of eruption on the earth's surface. We are usually told that such a mass, if rapidly cooled, would take on a glassy appearance, yet there is evidence that the cooling must have been fairly rapid, and still there is a marked absence of glass. Xow. what temperature do we suppose this molten mass to have had. to enable it to spread out and pour along as it has done? Samples of the rock can be melted in a crucible in an ordinary wind or smelter s furnace, without a forced draught, so that a temperature of approximately some 1200 or 1300 degrees centigrade would suffice for melting. On pouring into a mould, one may note the rapidity with which its surface chills, even though it moulds so well. If chilled with water, a glassy development may be seen towards the outer surface, while even then a stonv character will usually show towards the centre of the mass. The difference of conditions to control the above results is not. then, so great as one might Jl first imagine, liven when the mass has reached too viscous a state to flow of itself, the pressure from behind of much more molten material may not be without its influence towards the forward movement, but no doubt the all-important factor in the free movement of such lava flows is to be found in their occluded steam. That steam was abundantly present is clearly shown by the innumerable cavities and bubble holes in the rock, and the very perfect way in which the drag out of such holes, due to motion, is retained just before the setting of the plastic mass. Thus, where the steam collected and left cavities after its condensation, it is not uninteresting to be able to interpret the reason for the production of almondshaped holes. These holes may or may not be subsequently infilled with mineral matter, such as calcite, or some of the usually associated carbonates, or. perhaps, under certain conditions, an occasional rarer mineral. There are many points available to prove that such lava as this would not require to be red-hot in order to flow freely, for have we not records of lava hanging in stalactites from the limbs of trees, that have been partly overwhelmed, vet the damage done, due to heat, has been practically negligible, in that the bark was hardly scorched. W hat a marvellous fact we have here! Something almost beyond belief! For the idea of molten rock generally carries with it the conception of horrible and complete destruction and devastation. Yet the flow may sometimes be so quiet and gentle as to take the most perfect moulds of some types of the vegetation of the land surface over which it has spread. A search of the scientific records for facts of this description may be very absorbing, but interest may often to some extent be lost in the endeavour necessary to find this information. One or two illustrations will perhaps suffice for our present purpose, and attention may first be drawn to the perfect impressions of maize cobs in some Mexican lava. But why go to Mexico? Here, in the National Museum, Melbourne, is a curious-looking specimen in an out-of-the-way corner, which hardly ever calls for even a passing notice. It looks like a petrified tree-trunk and branch, but a closer view shows it to be composed of basalt, and the natural conclusion that most would draw would be that it was a fake. W e are. however, definitely assured that it is quite natural, and in it we have one of those wonderful bits of Nature s work, by which we are informed of the existence of trees luxuriating on the coastal plain of this region prior to the volcanic outburst. Not onlv have we this fact in possession, but a closer examination shows the impression of some of the characteristics of what appears to have been the bark of the tree, and from this it is possible that some might be tempted to go as far as to say what kind of tree it may have been. The probabilities might point in the direction of a lkmksia, or honeysuckle, but we must not allow ourselves to be carried away too far by probabilities or theories, but confine our attention to the actual evidence and its interpretation.

The basaltic lava outpouring from Kilauea. in the Sandwich Islands, in the year 1840 is especially interesting, as having an all-important and confirmatory bearing on the above. Although forests were swept awav from some parts of its course, at others the lava rose round the stumps of the trees, and only gradually consumed them, leaving dee]), empty holes, conforming to the shape of the respective trunks. Occasionally these holes retained the charred remains of the trees. In our local instance, even from Foot-scray, we can go a step further, for, subsequent to such happenings as the above, we had still some molten lava to run in and fill up the tree mould, and thus produce as remarkable a specimen as any known in the world.

The cast of a tree in basalt is then surely something of which we may be proud, and when all that it means is clearly understood, what a vista of the past is brought home to us! To do full justice to such thoughts as these, it is to be feared that our train journey would prove all too short; still, something may have been gained.

Newport! What have we heard about Newport?

Fig 44— Sketch of the Basalt tree-cast from a Footscray Quarry, by Mr. C. \V. Woodhouse. This specimen is preserved in the National Museum, Melbourne.

Oh, yes! Was there not a bore or a shaft sunk there for some reason or other? It might serve our purpose very well, therefore, to digress a little to see what information can be gleaned from the work of man at this locality. First, then, a bore was put down to determine whether there was any coal present or not. in view of the fact that a foot or so of carbonaceous matter was known to underlie the sandy 1 ertiarv beds of the Red I »luff, at St. Kilda, and that there was a reasonable probability of an improvement both in quality and thickness over on the \\ illiamstown side

One bore was carried to a depth of 440 feet, and not only proved the existence of four seams of coal, of 5 feet. 14 feet, 4 feet 2 inches, and 2 feet respectively; but also showed the thickness and relationship of the associated sedimentary beds. The position of this bore was just adjoining the railway line to Gee-iong, on the left hand side, at a short distance past the Railway Workshops, and the first coal seam was struck at 200 feet. Subsequent to the boring, a shaft was sunk to investigate more fully the value of the find.

From information gained by the boring and shaftsinking operations, the following table of strata may be given:—

1.    Newer Volcanic.—

Vesicular basalt..............60 feet

2.    Marine Tertiaries.—

(a)    Upper beds.—Ferruginous sands and yellow clays, apparently unfossiliferous; thickness variable ( ? 68 feet), and may represent the Kalimnan or Miocene.

(b)    Lower beds.—^ ellow and grey clays, with

hard limestone bands. Rich in Balcombian or Eocene fossils..........120 feet

3.    Lower Eocene or Upper Cretaceous.—

Estuarine and freshwater beds, composed of sands, clays, fine and coarse conglomerates, with seams of brown coal . . . . 190 feet

4. Silurian.—

Rocks similar to the bed-rock of Melbourne, bored into for over 70 feet . . . . 70 feet Other bores and shafts, at Altona Bay and Werribee. show a considerable variation from the above thicknesses, but that is only what might reasonably be expected.

The coal spoken of is of a brownish colour, and has not yet undergone the degree of mineralisation which produces the compact black type, with which everyone is so familiar. It was an enormous mass of vegetable matter, which drifted into a freshwater basin which was undergoing slow depression, and there it macerated and underwent partial decomposition, till at last it reached a condition in which the substances produced by its own decay commenced to act as a preservative, and prevent further rotting. Such an origin would point to the probable inclusion of earthy impurities and a variability of character, and when the analysis of this coal is studied, one point which stands out very clearly is its high proportion ol ash or mineral matter. Such coals as these are also generally rather high in their water contents, hence it should he seen why they are inferior as fuel. In the first place, the more water and earthy impurities present. the less combustible matter there must be, but from this smaller amount of valuable matter a further deduction from the available heat must he made for that used up in driving off the water present.

In order, then, to make a good, useful product of this brown coal, it must be treated in such a way as to get rid of its earthy impurities and its water, or at any rate to reduce them to a practically non-interfering minimum. If this he done, what a splendid asset we have in the near neighbourhood of Melbourne, for if we proceed further over towards Altona Bay, we find that the coal deposit has increased to 70 feet in thickness, whilst near Werrihee it reaches its maximum thickness of about 150 feet. If these points are not attended to we may write down failure for a cer-

tainty. Surely the business men of Melbourne are lacking in enterprise not to have tackled this proposition in a truly workmanlike spirit, and to have advanced to something more definite and useful than is indicated by the present condition of affairs. Where is the small town or even village on the continent of Europe that would allow such a valuable natural deposit. so easy of access, to remain undeveloped, or not to be turned to some commercial account?

As to the age of these brown coals and their related sediments, there can be no doubt that they underlie fossiliferous marine Tertiaries of high antiquity, by many regarded as Eocene, and consequently they must represent terrestrial and lacustrine conditions of the earliest part of that period of time, or else they may be a little older and refer to the upper part of the Cretaceous. More evidence is required to absolutely settle this problem.

Now. let tis trace the basalt down to the back beach, \\ illiamstown, and we observe, not only that it reaches the present shore-line, but that it proceeds out to sea along the bottom for a considerable distance. Examining the foreshore, we find at low tide a grand exhibition of marine erosion. Small, projecting capes, one after another, show the results of the battle of resistance against Nature's forces, and yet generally what havoc has been wrought upon this once continuous sheet. The remains are a sufficient monument for the geologist to interpret past greatness, but in the case of a beginner it is most difficult for him to realise that things were not always as they are now. If he asks his grandfather what that part of the shore was like in the early days, he is told that it was just the same then as now, but a close and critical view, even for that period of time, would really show appreciable alterations. What is the reason for the little, sandy bays between these basaltic points, but that the basalt has been eaten through, and the underlying sandy deposits have been ripped up also, and some of their material re-deposited as at present

found. The importance of these sandy beds can hardly be over-estimated, for clean water might have dashed against this rocky shore for generations witlr-out much to show for its untiring energy, until atmospheric and chemical action had run its course, and its free will had resulted in a sufficient weakening of the solidity of the rock to enable weaker agents to have their way. But the action of the sand may be illustrated by the man in the stonemason’s yard, with his sand-saw for cutting marble or other rocks into slabs, or his sand-plane for smoothing down irregular surfaces, with the assistance of water as a lubricator to prevent clogging. So, Nature uses sand—though we would be more correct in noting that this is one of the lessons man has learnt from Nature, very much to his own benefit and profit.

It has already been noticed that jointing is a marked character of this basalt, and one need not, therefore, be surprised to find that such lines of weakness are the first attacked. The swill of the sand-laden water, as it washes to and fro, acts as a very efficient file to open out along the joint cracks, and ultimately to wear away all but the most resistant in its endeavour to produce a nearly level surface, usually called a plain of marine denudation. The present conditions at this locality are of exceptional interest, as showing the exact circumstances of the old Victorian shore-line when the “ Older Basalt ” occupied a similar position, for boulders and shingle pebbles of that material are associated with later marine fossiliferous limestones, sandv limestones, and sandstones. So, at the back beach now the sandy deposits are filling up the spaces around the battered remains of the volcanic rock, and enclosing an abundance of shell remains; not only such shells as properly belong to the sands, as the cockles, but also many forms that naturally belong to the cracks and crevices of rocks, as the periwinkles. The action of the tide mixes the dead shells of such forms indiscriminately, and not a few become broken up and ultimately ground down to grains or fine

powder, to be subsequently dissolved by percolating water, and then again deposited as a cement or binding material for the loose sands. Thus a calcareous sandstone may arise, or, perhaps, a shelly limestone.

On the further side of the \\ illiamstown Racecourse, if the Altona Bay railway track be followed, a small cutting shows loose sands, cemented sands, and concretionary layers and patches of limestone, with an abundance of shell remains. These deposits are evidently younger than the basalt, as they rest on its surface; they are also evidently marine, and are now at their highest part jy₂ feet above the level of ordinary high water. The thickness of these shell beds about this cutting appears to be only about 8 feet. Therefore, one would be inclined to think that there is evidence here of elevation above the sea to account tor the present conditions. The shells are all apparently still to be found living in the locality, therefore no great antiquity can be allowed to the beds; in fact, the evidence at present justifies the application of “ Recent.'

In several other places it has been pointed out that subsequent to the outpouring of the “ Newer Basalt," there was a very distinct subsidence, which, amongst other things, allowed the submergence below sea-level of a conisderable area of the lava flow hereabouts. Such being the case, the presence of a fringe of marine deposits of later date has been taken as evidence of recent elevation. But are we justified in that conclusion? No! Bor we have not yet exhausted all other possible explanations which might have just as much show of reason on their face.

If we go to the present shore-line of this locality, and make careful observations of the happenings there, another view will be found to be readily forthcoming. Let us ask ourselves such questions as the following:—What is the meaning of the marked sue-cession of small, sandy ridges running parallel with the coast ? What is the reason for the damming off of portions of the sea, and their development into

salty marshes, prior to their complete reclamation? \\ hv does the sand build up into ridges, and cut off parts of the foreshore from the reach of the tide? Many other similar questions might be asked, all bearing in the same direction.

W atch what is going on and you will he answered. The sea which washes these shores is notably shallow for a long distance from its margin, consequently, when a north wind prevails, and the tide is out, a grand stretch of sandy shore can he walked over and examined. In this way a tine appreciation of the extreme shallowness of the sea will he obtained. Now, such conditions as these are eminently suitable for the formation of sand-banks, and, when such do form, where the body of water is not great enough or strong enough to remove the bar, then more material is rapidly added to the bank, till such an accumulation arises that it becomes a permanent feature. W ind is the prime agent for filling in behind the bar, and it is mostly wind-blown material, including a fair proportion of shells and shell-fragments, that will he found in such positions. Then such plants as are lovers of salty soils gradually make their appearance, and these not only aid in holding the loose material together, and in gathering fresh accumulations, but also, by utilising many of the salts, and helping the percolating action of rain water, the ground becomes by degrees prepared to support other plants.

This succession of events can actually be traced even to grass-clad ridges.

As to the calcareous sands in the cutting mentioned, they are, as would he expected, minutely current bedded, and the arrangement, as well as the types of the shells present, is exactly comparable to the deposits at present undergoing formation.

Tt appears, then, that wind and wave are quite capable of accounting for the formation of all the recent deposits to he found here of later date than the basaltic erosion, and, therefore, full consideration must he allowed these agents before theorising on imperfect or misinterpreted data.

GLOSSARY.

Alluvium.— (Lat. ad or al, together, and lucre, to wash.) Fragmentary remains    of various rocks    washed or

brought together by the action of running water and deposited along the courses of rivers or creeks are known as alluvial deposits, while the soils of such land formations are called alluvium.

Ammonite.—(Lat. cornu ammonis, the horn of Ammon, Ammon being another    name    for    Jupiter,    the supreme

god of the Romans.)    An    old    generic    name for a

group of extinct fossil shells, which are related to the Nautilus family, and are especially indicative of rocks of Mesozoic age. As a genus this term is now very much restricted    from    its    original    sense, and

many new names have been invented to cover the numerous types originally grouped under the one head.

Amygdaloidal.—(Gr. amygdalon, an almond, eidos, form.) A term applied to igneous rocks which have almondshaped cavities partially or completely infilled with limy or other mineral matter.

Anamesite.— t his term, probably implying an intermediate form, was introduced for the finer grained, but still distinctly crystalline, members of the dolerite group, or, from the other side, a moderately coarse grained basalt. As most of the present text-books do not even mention this name, the utility of its inclusion may be questioned, but as it is found on our local geological maps, and throughout local papers and reports, it is well that something concerning it should be mentioned.

Andesine.—A mineral occurring in a particular kind 01 volcanic rock extensively developed in the Andes Mountains, South America, and first studied from that locality. It is one of the felspar group of minerals, and is important in rock formation.

Anticline.—(Gr. anti, opposite to, or against, klinein to incline or bend.) A term used where strata dip or incline on opposite sides of a common ridge or axis; the crest line from which the change takes place is called the anticlinal axis.

Aragonite.— (First discovered in Aragon, Spain.) A mineral composed of calcium carbonate, differing from calcite in its crystalline form as well as other physical properties.

Area.—(Lat. area, a cover or a case.) The generic title of a group of shell-fish often popularly known as the chest-shells or box-shells.

Arthropoda.—(Gr. arthron, a joint, pons a foot, g. podos.) The name of a sub-kingdom of invertebrate animals to allude to the fact that the limbs are divided by joints into a series of movable segments, as in the crabs, spiders and insects. The older name for this was Articulata.

Augite.— (Gr. auge, lustre.) A common rock-forming mineral rich in iron and magnesia, and named in allusion to its usual glassy lustre.

Balcombian.—A series of strata of Cainozoic or Tertiary age, typically developed at Balcombe’s Bay, near Mornington, on the eastern side of Port Phillip. These beds have been variously referred by different authors to Eocene, Oligocenc, and a part of them even to Older Pliocene. In order to avoid such confusion, a local name has been chosen, pending the collection and critical examination of all the evidence bearing on the subject.

Banksia.—A genus of Australian tree named after Sir Joseph Banks, and frequently spoken of as the Honeysuckle. Its remarkable flowers have also caused it to be sometimes called a bottle-brush tree. It is rather fond of poor, sandy country.

Basalt.—(Gr. basaltes, of unknown origin; some derive it from the Ethiopian basal, iron, others from als, salt, in allusion to its columnar structure.) A very old term, first used by Strabo and Pliny for certain black Egyptian rocks, which were early used in the arts. A common rock in the neighbourhood of Melbourne, if we use the term in its general sense, but it is sometimes restricted to a very fine grained rock, in which the individual minerals cannot be discerned by the unaided eye. Two separate periods of lava outpourings are distinctly to be seen in and around Melbourne—hence the relative naming of “ Newer Basalt ” and “ Older Basalt.’’ Really volcanic activity was rife throughout the whole of our Tertiary period, and we require something more definite than these two terms to compass the whole of the actual remains.

OtAtUN UNWERSrn

Basic.— Relating to a base; in chemistry applied to those compound substances which unite with acids to form salts.

Belemnite.— (Gr. belemnon, a dart or arrow.) Popularly known as arrow-heads or finger stones, from their shape.    A straight tapering internal shell of an

extinct shell-fish related to the squid or cuttle-fish, and especially common in Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks.

Billabong.—A disused and disconnected part of a river course, except, perhaps, in Hood time. An aboriginal compound word, which probably means “ dead river.”    Sometimes regarded as synonymous with

anabranch.

Bivalve.— (I at. Hi, two, valva, a door or valve.) A creature belonging to the shell-fish, with a shell composed of two parts, or valves, which open by means of an elastic hinge and close by means of internal muscles. The oyster is a common example.

Blastoidea.—(Gr. blastos, a bud, eidos resemblance.) An order of extinct fossils related to the sea-eggs. The body of the creature was enclosed in a casing made up of calcareous plates, and was often attached permanently to the sea bottom by a stalk of limy joints.

Bleb.—This word signifies a small lump, though in some cases it is applied to bubble holes in glass, and is practically the same word as “ blob.”

Bluestone.—A term given by Australian miners to basaltic lava, so often found covering gold-bearing gravels, and no doubt referring to its blue-grey colour.

Breccia.—(11a 1., a breach or a fragment.) An aggregate composed of angular fragments of the same rock, or of different rocks held together by a cement.

Cainozoic.— (Gr. kainos, recent, zoe life.) That period of time which is represented by fossil remains from the various formations which show the closest analogy to living plants and animals.

Calcareous.—(Lat. calx—calcis—lime.) Composed of, or containing a considerable proportion of lime.

Calcite.—The mineral name of natural carbonate of lime, an essential component of all limestones and marbles.

Cambrian.—An age term used in the subdivision of Palaeozoic time, originating from the old name for a part of Wales, namely, Cambria—a locality which was early studied for its rock characteristics and fossil contents, and thus it became a type or standard of comparison for all other parts of the world.

Carboniferous.—Another age term or name of a system in the Palaeozoic. The type first studied was coal-bearing, but it does not necessarily follow that all rocks of this age must be coal-bearing.

Cast.—A form or shape into which anything is moulded. Anything formed in a mould—hence the mud or other natural material infilling the interior cavity of a shell becomes a cast. The shelly matter may be entirely dissolved away, and then the easily obtained inner core is the cast, while the impression of the external characters of the shell is the mould.

Cephalopoda.—(Gr. kephale, head, pous, a foot.) A class of shell-fish which have a scries of prehensile arms or feet arranged around the head, such as the octopus, squid, or cuttle-fish, and a great number of fossil forms, which we only know by their hard parts or shells.

Coelenterata.—A sub-kingdom of the invertebrate animals containing such creatures as the sponges, sea-anemones, jelly-fish and corals.

Concretion.— (Lat. concretus, from con, with, or together, crescere to grow.) A peculiar blending of particles into a solid body, bringing about the formation of remarkable shapes, which are often mistaken tor fossils, on account of some chance resemblance. Sometimes called nodules. In composition variable, but iron oxides, lime carbonate, and silica are the most general substances present.    _ _

Conglomerate.—(Lat. con, with, together; glomerare, to gather in round heaps.) A cemented gravel, sometimes called pudding-stone.

Contour.— (hr. contour, outline or circuit.) The surface outline of a country.

Cretaceous.—(Lat. creta, chalk, aceus, having the qualities of.) An age name for the youngest of the subdivisions of Mesozoic time; in England, where first studied, the deposits of this age happened to be largely made up of chalk, but it does not follow that rocks of this geological age must contain chalk.

Crinoidea.— (Gr. krinon, a lily, eidos, resemblance.) Sometimes called sea-lilies or stone-lilies. An order of marine creatures related to the sea-eggs, which is rapidly tending to become extinct. They developed long jointed, limy columns, with which they were anchored to the sea bottom, with a crown or box made up of many-sided plates, which protected the vitals, and a fringe of jointed arms to set off the top. Remains of these creatures are so common in places

as to make up entire limestone beds, hence the term " Crinoidal Marble. ”

Cystoidea.—(Gr. kystis, a bladder, eidos, resemblance.) An extinct order of calcareous fossil, belonging to Palaeozoic rocks, and more or less closely related to the Blastoids.

Dacite.—The name of a rock derived from Dacia, an ancient Roman province which included the modern Transylvannia. A common rock at Mt. Macedon and Mt. Dandenong.

Denudation.—(Lat. de, down, nudus, naked, or denudo, 1 lay bare.) The removal of superficial matter and the laying bare of underlying rocks. There are many denuding agents, such as atmospheric, aqueous, organic, and igneous, and an understanding of the way in which these work is the very foundation of geology.

Devonian.—An age term for a system of rocks in the Palaeozoic, which were first studied as a type in Devon, England, and noted for fossil fish.

Diatom.—(Gr. diatemno, 1 sever.) A minute plant which has the power of secreting a siliceous skeleton. Sometimes sufficiently abundant to form extensive deposits known as “ diatomaceous earth ” or “ infusorial earth/’ This material has many commercial uses.

Diprotodon.—(Gr. dis, twice, protos, first, odous, a tooth, g. odontos.) A very large, extinct wombat-like marsupial widely distributed throughout Australia, so named in allusion to its two front teeth.

Dolerite.—(Gr. doleros, deceptive.) A rock name given as deceptive because of its similarity to some kinds of another igneous rock known as diorite. Usually regarded as a coarse-grained basalt.

Dosinia.—A very old generic name (1777) applied to certain bivalve shells. Living examples of this genus arc common in Port Phillip.

Echinoderma.— (Gr. echinos, hedgehog, derma, skin.) A sub-kingdom of the invertebrates, including such forms as sea-eggs, star-fishes, brittle-stars, and sea-cucumbers, as well as some extinct types only known in the fossil state.

Eocene.— (Gr. eos, dawn, kainos, recent.) 1 he earliest deposits of Cainozoic time, which often carry rich deposits of fossils, most of which are extinct, but a few recent or still living forms may be associated with them, and that is implied in using an age term meaning the dawn of recent life.

Equisetaceae.— (Lat. equus, a horse, seta, a bristle.) An order of plants frequently called the “ Horse-tails,” especially abundant in, and important contributors to, both Mesozoic and Palaeozoic coals.

Fauna.—The general assemblage of apimals of a region, either living or extinct. Fauna was a prophetic goddess of the Latins.

Felspar.— (German, felt—spat—field spar.) According to Dana, this is an incorrect spelling, and should be feldspar. The name of a group of most important rock-forming minerals, all of which are earthy silicates.

Felsite.—A rock name applied to certain very fine-grained types, which appear to be an intimate mixture of the very finest particles of felspar and quartz.

Ferruginous.—(Lat. ferrum, iron, ferrugo, iron rust.) Containing iron, or generally iron oxides.

Filices.—(Lat. filix, a fern.) The order to which both recent and fossil ferns belong.

Foraminifera.— (Lat. foramen, a hole, fero, T bear.) An order of the lowest sub-kingdom of animals (Protozoa), which secreted a calcareous or sometimes a sandy protective covering or shell. Important as rock-formers, sometimes their remains accumulated to form entire deposits of limestone. Individual specimens are mostly microscopic in size, but some attain the size of a two-shilling piece or half-a-crown.

Fossil.—(Lat. fodere, to dig, fossus, dug up.) Sometimes dug out of the earth. Any natural object, whether animal or vegetable, or the traces of their existence, which have been preserved in the rocks by natural agencies.

Gastropoda.—(Gr. gaster, stomach, pous, a foot.) I he class of shell-fish commonly called univalves, and named gastropoda in allusion to the muscular expansion of the lower part of the body, which is called the foot on account of its use for locomotion. Examples are periwinkles, etc.

Granite.—(Lat. granum, a grain.) An unstratified rock, essentially made up of three minerals—quartz, ortho-clase and mica—in all grades of crystallisation, from extremely fine to extremely coarse. Individual minerals sometimes attaining a size of two or three feet.

Graptolites.—(Gr. graptos, written, lithos, a stone.) A group of extinct hvdrozoons, composed of numerous

individuals united to a common stock, which have left abundant remains, especially in Ordovician

shales.

Group.—A certain number of strata, having a certain order or relation to one another.

Haematite.— (Gr. haematites, a mineral resembling blood.) A mineral of a strong red colour, in the powdered state, and composed of iron and oxygen in the proportion of two parts of the former to three of the latter, and called a sesquioxide of iron.

Horizon.—A Greek word which is derived from horos, a limit. That which bounds. A well-marked formation, which may serve as a starting point from which other deposits may be studied. A term also used with reference to fossils or strata which are, apparently, of the same age.

Igneous.— (Lat. ignis, fire.) Produced by or resulting from the action of heat. For instance, basalt is an igneous rock of volcanic origin.    .

Ilmenite.—The name of a mineral which was first found in the Ilmen Mountains in Russia.

Invertebrate.—(Lat. in, not, vertebra, a bone of the back.) Animals without a vertebral column or backbone.

Jasper.— (Gr. jaspis, a precious stone of the ancients.) An opaque variety of quartz, found in many colours.

Jurassic.—An age term for the middle division of Mesozoic time; the type locality for such strata being the Jura Mountains. Hence meaning of, or belonging to, the formation of the Jura Mountains. In England deposits of this age are characterised by the development of an oolitic structure (roe-like) in certain of the rocks, hence the not infrequent use of the term ⁴ⁱ Oolitic ” as an age name equivalent to Jurassic.

Kalimnan.—As with Balcombian, an age term for local use, to avoid the confusion of attributing several different ages to the same deposit. The type locality for these deposits is at Jimmy’s Point, near the township of Kalinina, Gippsland.

Labradorite.—So named as the mineral was first obtained from the island of Paul, off the coast of Labrador. An important rock-forming mineral belonging to the Felspar group.

Lacustrine.— (Lat. lacus, a lake.) Pertaining to a lake.

Lamellibranchiata.—(Lat. lamella, a thin plate, branchiae, gills.) The scientific name given to the bivalve

shell-fish, and having reference to the character of the creature’s gills.

Lamp-shells.—A popular name for the Brachiopoda (armfooted). A class of the molluscoid animals, used in allusion to their resemblance to the old Roman lamps.

Lava.—(Lat. lavo, to wash.) An Italian word which has, no doubt, been incorporated into the English language through the historical importance of Vesuvius. A general term applied to all rock matter which has flowed in the molten state from a volcano.

Lenticular.—(Lat. lens, a lentil.) A doubly convex shape, as of a lentil or lens.

Limonite.—Probably derived from the Greek, leimon, meadow, because of its being called meadow-ore or bog-iron-ore. A hydrated oxide of iron, which is one of the principal colouring agents in nature.

Lithological.—(Gr. lithos, a stone, logos, a discourse.) The descriptive particulars of the characteristics of rocks, and their classification.

Lycopodiaceae.— (Gr. lykos, a wolf, pons, a foot.) A natural order of plants popularly called the club mosses. The generic name Lycopodium was so named because of the shape of its roots, and the name of the order has been derived from that of its most important genus.

Magnetite.—(Gr. magnetis, pertaining to Magnesia.) A mineral named from the locality Magnesia, bordering on Macedonia. Some derive it from an old fable of one Magnes, a shepherd, discovering its attractive properties for iron. This material is natural lode-stone, and is composed of three parts of iron united with four parts of oxygen.

Marcasite.—T his mineral name was of Arabic or Moorish origin, and was the name originally applied to common crystallised pyrite, but became restricted in its use for the pale variety from 1845 onwards. It is composed of iron, one part, and sulphur, two parts, and decomposes more readily than ordinary pyrite.

Melbournian.—A sub-divisional name of local significance for the lower or older series of beds making up the Silurian system in Victoria. 1 he Melbourne area is regarded as its type.

Mesolite.—(Gr. mesos, middle, lithos, a stone.) A mineral of the zeolite group which occupies an intermediate position in composition and characters.

Mesozoic.— (Gr. mesos, middle, zoe, life.) The great middle division of stratified rocks, characterised by animal and plant remains of an intermediate character between the Palaeozoic and Cainozoic forms.

Metamorphic.— (Gr. meta, change, morphe, form.) The name of a group of rocks which have undergone extreme physical and chemical change.

Miocene.—(Gr. meion, less, kainos, recent.)    The age

name introduced for the middle portion of Cainozoic time, and implying that the strata hold a smaller percentage of living species of shell-fish than the Pliocene, which is the next horizon above.

Mollusca.—(Lat. mollis, soft.) A sub-kingdom of the invertebrate animals, so named because of their soft bodies. Commonly known as shell-fish, because most of the representatives are protected by an external shell of carbonate of lime.

Molluscoidea.—(Lat. mollis, soft; Gr. eidos, like.) A subkingdom of invertebrate animals occupying an intermediate position between the worms and shell-fish.

I ike shell-fish, the majority of them secrete a calcareous covering, but in their internal structures they show more affinities with certain types of worm. The Brachiopoda or Lamp-shells belong here, as also do the sea-mats or Polyzoa.

Mould.—The matrix in which anything is cast. Applied to the natural impressions of plant or animal remains in a rock.

Oligoclase.—(Gr. oligos, little, clao, to break.) A mineral belonging to the felspar group, and composed of silicate of alumina, lime, and soda.

Olivine.—A mineral name alluding to its olive-green colour. Often called Chrysolite (Gr. chrusos, gold, lithos, a stone.) A silicate of magnesia and iron.

Ordovician.—An age term for one of the sub-divisions of Palaeozoic time, which used to be called Lower Silurian. The name originates from Ordovices, an old Welsh tribe, in whose district these rocks are typically developed.

Ostrea.—(Lat, ostrea, an oyster.) The ancient Romans were particularly fond of this succulent shell-fish, and studied its preparation for food purposes to a higher degree than is generally adopted at the present day.

Outcrop.—A geological term applied to rocks actually at the surface of the earth. Sometimes defined as where the rock comes to grass.

Outlier.—A term applied to strata isolated from their main mass by various natural agencies, and standing as a monument of their former greater extension.

Palaeozoic.— (Gr. palaios, ancient, zoe, life.) The group of strata which carry the remains of the world’s most ancient life. The oldest of the three divisions into which the stratified rocks of the earth’s crust have been divided.

Permian.—The name for the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Palaeozoic, and derived from the province of Perm, in Russia, where the best known development of these strata may be studied.

Period.—A round of time, or series of years.

Phacolite.— (Gr. phakos, a bean, 1 ithos, a stone.) The name of a zeolitic mineral, derived from the lenticular shape or bean-like appearance of its crystals.

Phillipsite.—A zeolite named after W. Phillips, an English mineralogist of note.

Pleistocene.— ( Gr. pleistos, most, kainos, recent.) A subdivision of Cainozoic time, introduced for deposits containing living species of shell-fish, associated with deposits containing extinct terrestrial animals, the whole appearance being of a strong modern type.

Pliocene.—(Gr. pleion, more, kainos, recent.) An age name introduced for strata belonging to the Cainozoic, and containing more recent living species, especially of shell-fish, than the Miocene.

Polygonal.— (Gr. poly, many, gonia, an angle.) A plane figure, with many sides and angles.

Polyzoa.—(Gr. poly, many, zoon, an animal.) A class of molluscoid animals, popularly spoken of as sea-mats or sea-moss-, and usually occurring in colonies made up of several individuals. Hence the name Polyzoa. Frequently also known as Bryozoa, or moss animals.

Porphyry.— (Gr. porphyrites, a purple-coloured rock, from porphyreos, purple.) A term originally applied to a highly-coloured igneous rock from upper Egypt, and used for sculpture or decorative purposes. Then it became applied to any rock resembling a granite, and hard enough to take a polish. It is now applied only as a structural term, implying a rock which shows individual crystals of certain minerals distinctly from the mass or matrix in which they are embedded. Thus a felspar porphyry is a rock which is coarsely crystalline as to its felspar.

Pre-Cambrian.—A convenient age term for anything older than Cambrian.

Primary.—(Lat. primus, first.) At one time applied by the earlier geologists to such rocks as gneiss, mica-schists and granite, from their belief that such rocks were the first formed before the creation of life. Then it was taken to signify the lowest order of stratified rocks coming immediately after the old crystalline rocks. Such confusion as to its meaning has lead to its disuse.

Protozoa.— (Gr. protos, first, zoon, animal.) 1 he lowest sub-kingdom of invertebrate animals, which are distinguished by the relative simplicity of their structure.    _

Pyrite.— (Gr. pvr, fire.) A mineral name pertaining to fire, in allusion to the readiness with which sparks are produced when struck with a piece of iron. It is made up of one part of iron combined with two parts of sulphur, and is therefore a disulphide of iron.

Quartz.—One of the commonest minerals on the crust of the earth. The word quartz is of German provincial origin, but the material was known in Latin as silex, and in Greek as crystallos. Hence the origin of silica, crystals and crystallography. Quartz is composed of silicon one part, with oxygen two parts.

Quartzite.—A rock name which is generally applied to sandstones which have been hardened and altered by heat or chemical cements, so as to assume the aspect of quartz rock.

Recent.—(Lat. recens.) Applied to deposits now undergoing formation, or those of very slight antiquity from a geological point of view.

Rhynchonella.—A diminutive from the Greek rhynchos, a beak. A generic name for a very abundant kind of brachiopod or lamp-shell, which is of very high antiquity, though still represented amongst living forms.

Scoria.—A Latin word, probably derived from the Greek, and originally applied to the dross of molten metals. Now generally applied to a cellular or vesicular lava from a volcano, which is sometimes light enough to float on water.

Secondary.—(Lat. secundus.) Originally applied to the fossiliferous strata succeeding the Primary or Palaeozoic, now usually known as Mesozoic.

Segregation.— (Lat. se, from, or by itselt; grex, a flock.) Something which separates out trom others, a tendency not uncommon amongst natural minerals.

Series.—A continued succession of things in the same order.

Silica.—(Lat. silex.) See Quartz.

Silurian.—An age term in the Palaeozoic Group, derived from Silures, an ancient Welsh tribe, in whose district these rocks were first studied, and afterwards taken as a type.

Snapper.—The name of a fish common in Australasian waters, and meaning one that snaps; its scientific name is Pagrus unicolor. At the present time it is usually incorrectly spelt “ Schnapper,” and this lapse has been attributed to fishermen. There was, however, a Dutch craft trading in Port Phillip in the early days under the name of Schnapper, and in all probability that may account for the subsequent confusion.

Stage.—1 ^;rom the French etage. a story or a degree. Applied as a step in a series of strata.

Syncline.— (Gr. syn, together, klinein, to bend.) This is the reverse bend or fold in stratified rocks to that already referred to as Anticline, so that instead of the beds inclining from one another, they incline towards one another, or towards a line called the synclinal axis.

System.—A scheme of many parts, with mutual dependencies, as the Silurian System.

Tertiary.—(Lat, tertiarius, from tertius, the third.) The uppermost of the threefold division of the fossiliferous strata of the earth’s crust, more often used than Cainozoic, though to be consistent with Palaeozoic and Mesozoic, the latter should be used.

Tellina.—The generic name for a common bivalve shell, derived from telline, a Greek name for a kind of mussel.

Topographical.—(Gr. topos, a place, graphe, description.) A description of the physical appearance of a place.

Triassic.—The lowest or oldest sub-division of the Mesozoic rocks, so called from the threefold development of the system in Europe, or, more especially, in Germany.

Trilobites.— (Gr. treis, three, lobos, a lobe.) A very important group of fossil crustaceans confined to rocks of Palaeozoic age, and so named because of their usual trilobed body.

Univalve.—(Lat. unus, one, valva, a door.) A creature belonging to the shell-fish, with only one protecting shell, instead of two. Sometimes referred to as the snail tribe, and including the ordinary periwinkles and whelks.

Vermes.—(Lat. vermis, a worm.) The sub-kingdom of the invertebrates, usually known as the worms.

Vertebrates.—(Lat. vertere, to turn.) The sub-kingdom of animals characterised by the possession of a backbone or vertebral column.

Vesicular.—(Lat. vesicula, a little bladder.) Applied to rocks full of little cavities, such as lavas.

Vugh.—A Cornish name for a cavity in a vein, and. as this is often lined with mineral crystals, any cavity lined with crystals has become known as a vugh. Pronounced vug.

Zone.—This term is applied to any bed or series of beds that can be marked off from others by some distinguishing fossil or group of fossils.

INDEX.

Aboriginal Implements ..    .

Aboriginal Camping Ground

Acid, Carbonic.........

Age................

Age Table...........

Age of Fishes..........

Age of Reptiles........

Age of Mammals......

Albert Park............

Alchemists’ Signs........

Alexandra Avenue......

Alluvial Flats........

Alluvium............

Alphington............

Altona Bay............

Altona Bay Railway Track

Ammonites ..........

Amygdaloid..........

Anamesite............

Andesine............

Animal Kingdom.......

Anticline .............

Apparent Dip.........

Aragonite...........

Area................

Arthropoda..........

Ascot Vale............

Ascot Vale Section......

Athol-street, Moonce Ponds Augite..............

Back Beach, Williamstown..............164,    165

Balcombian.................. 44, 57. 90, 92, 169

Banksia..........................33,    169

Basalt..............49-5f>. 62, 108-115, 158-161, 169

Basalt, Decomposition of ............ 53. 54. 115, 116

Basalt Joints..............52, 56, 57, 113, 114, 115

Basalt Minerals........................49,    51

Basalt, Newer........45, 51, 59, 63, 69, 74, 76, 79, 132

Basalt. Older........46, 57, 59. 62, 74, 76, 80, 89. 92. 95

Basaltic Soils..........

Basalt Tree............

Basic................

Batman’s Hill..........

Batman’s Swamp ........

Bay Dredgings.........

Beaconsfield Parade......

Bedding.............

Belemnites............

Beveridge Hill.........

Billabong.............

Birrarung............

Bivalve .............

Blastoidea............

Bland Mount..........

Bluestone............

Botanical Gardens.......

Bore at Point urmond .. ..

Bore at Newport........

Brick Company, South Yarra Brickmakers’ Area (1841) ..

Brighton.............

Brown Coal...........

Burnley..............

Cainozoic............

Calcite..............

Cambrian...........

Carboniferous........

Cast ...............

Cephalopoda...........

Changes in Melbourne .. .. Changes in the Yarra .... Changes in the Saltwater ..

Chemical Symbols......

Class ..............

Clifton Hill ...........

Coal, Brown.........

Coal at Newport.......

Collecting Fossils........

Col ling wood ..........

Columnar Jointing......

Concretion............

Contoured Plan.......

Coode Canal..........

Crinoidea............

Current Bedding......

Cycads ..............

Cystoidea..........

Page

................. 53

..............159,    161

.............. 123,    170

..............34»    44

................. 33

................ 48

........... 35.    44.    134

.............J 20. 143

.............3C    I/O

................ 44

..............134»    170

................ M

........ 25,    28,    103.    170

............24,    28,    170

................ 44

..............157,    170

......14» 30. 140, 143. 148

............. 153,    154

.............162,    163

................147

................136

............14.    42,    155

...........32, 163, 164

.........35» 44. 117. 118

.. .. 20, 28, 29, 31, 73, 170

.............116, 170

........21,    28, 30, 170

..........21,    28,    171

...........27,    85,    171

.........25,    31, 103, 171

................ 8

.......... 34, 35, 44. 47

.............47,    58

................ 73

................ 26

..........13,    35, 108, 118

........32,    88,    163,    164

.............. 15,    163

...............27,    85

53, 108, 109, 115, 117, 124, 132

........56,    57,    113, 115

............60,    94,    171

............... 65

.............37,    39

........24,    28, 102, 171

..........82,    95,    123

................ 32

........24,    28, 29, 172

Dacite.............

Decomposition of Basalt ..

Deep Creek..........

Deepening of Hobson’s Bay Deepening of Yarra .. ..

Denudation..........

Devonian............

Diatom..............

Diggers’ Rest.........

Dight’s Falls..........

Dip................

Diprotodon...........

Dolerite.............

Dosinia............

Dredgings............

Dykes..............

Page

......../I,    172

........53,    54

.......... 29

.......... 48

........    44,    48

.....57, 81, 172

...........172

........42,    172

.......... 29

..    28,    125,    126,    127

77,    99,    101,    121,    130

........43,    172

........SB    172

........    90,    172

........39,    48

100, 120-123, 127.    138,    142,    146

Era..........................

Essendon......................

Falls ...........................

Family........................

Faults................72, 99,

Fauna ..........................

Felsite...........T...............

Felspar ..................49, 81, 115,

Filices.........................

Fisherman’s Bend..................

Fissure Lode......................

Flagstaff Hill....................

Flemington......................

Flemington Racecourse..............

Flood in Yarra....................

Flood in Saltwater..................

Footscray................ 10, 15, 53,

Footscray to Laverton.................

Foraminifera.....................

Fossils 9, 10, 21. 23-32, 42, 43, 59, 79, 85-93, 102,

r26, T36,    143,

Gastropoda............................25, 173

Geelong District.......................... 46

Gel librami’s Hill........................ 83

Genus .........

Geographical Changes Geological Mapping . Geological Maps .. . Geological Sections . Geological Signs .. ..

Granite........

Graptolites.......

Group........

Haematite........

Harbour Trust Dredgings

Hobson’s Bay......

Horizons..........

Horseshoe Bend......

Hotham Hill........

igneous ..........

Ilmenite...........

Invertebrates........

...........81, 174

. .    .. 99. 122, 138, I43

52, 56. 57, I 13, I 14, I 15

......21, 28, 31, 174

Kalironan..............46, 57. 90. 91, 95, 124, 174

Keilor Plains......................51, 59, 77, 81

Kensington..................7. 10, 33. 38, 43, 46

Labradorite..........................49,    174

Lacustrine................ 174

Lamellibranchiata....................25, 174, 175

Lamprophyre............................145

Lamp-shells..................25, 28, 29, 103, 125, 175

Lava................................175

Lava Flows........35. 44, 45, 46, 49-55. 63, 109, 118

Laverton..............................15,    156

Leaf-beds.............................. 88

Lenticular............................57,    >75

Lignite............................no,    hi

Limestone..........................57,    69

Limonite......................54. 82, 94. 151, 175

Lycopodiaceae..........................32,    175

Magnetite........

Maps............

Marcasite..........

Maribyrnong Racecourse Maribyrnong Sands .. .

185

Page

Melbournian......................87, (04, 175

Mesolite............................it**,    175

Mesozoic................20, 21, 28. 29, 31, 32, 88, 176

Metamorphic............................71,    176

Miocene ......20, 28, 46, 47, 57, 59. 69, 81, 95. 124. T32, 176

Mollusca..............25, 30. 31. 42. 43. 103. 176

Molluscoidea..........................25,    176

Molten Lava. Characters of..................138,    161

Moonee Creek .......................34, 37. 96

Moonee Valiev..................12. 30. 94, 107

Mould..................................176

Natica..............................42,    43

Newport......................15, 160. 162, 163

Niagara Falls.......................... 19

North Melbourne..................38, 49, 85,    89

Older Basalt........46. 57, 59, 62, 74, 76, 80, 89, 92, 95

Old Lagoon at    Prince’s Bridge..............137

Oligoclase............................49,    176

Olivine................................5L    176

Order................................23,    26

Ordovician......................21. 28, 29. 176

Origin of Zeolites..................... 116

Ormond Point................42, 46, 151, 155

Ormond-road, Ascot Vale................12,    94,    95

Ostrea............................-1-2.    176

Outcrop..................58, 59, 67, 119, 127, 176

Outlier..............................58,    177

Palaeozoic............20, 21, 28. 29, 32, 80, 104, 177

Period............................20,    31,    177

Permian........................21,    28,    177

Phacolite..........................116, 117, 177

Phillipsite..........................116, 117, 177

Pitch................................99,    121

Plants as    Geological Agents................13L    ^I3²*

Pliocene............................20,    28,    177

Pleistocene..................20. 28, .13, 45, 177

Point Ormond..................42, 46, 151» i5²*

Polyzoa..............................25,    177

Porphyry............................142,    177

Port Melbourne....................10. 33. 37, 38

Precambrian........................21,    28,    178

Primary..........................20,    21,    178

Protozoa..........................24,    178

Pyrite..............................IH»    17$

Quarries    at    Clifton Hill..................108,    118:

Quarries    at    Footscray....................45,    ^3;

Page

.................62.    63

................10. 49,    63

45,    81,    123, 124, 125.    129,    142,    178

.................    81,    178

....................142

..    18.    19. 20,    28.    32.    166,    167.    178

•• • •    36, 37.    47,    48.    150.    166,    167

.................140,    141

................126,    178

............... 35. 44, 117

................... 60

................... 63

...........11. 46, 85,    93

.................85,    90

Saltwater River    Flood....... 60,    62

Sandridge............................ 34

Scale of l ime........................20,    2f

Scoria.......'.......................112. 178

Scoriaceous Basalt.......................... 63

Secondary............................20,    178

Section in Royal    Park................86,    87.    92

Segregation...................... ..    60.    178

Series............................20.    21,    179

Silica . ;...............................179

Silurian,.21, 28, 29, 30, 47, 80, 87. 96-105, 119-133. 134, 148, 179

Silurian Fossils ............28, 102, 103, 125, 126, 136

Silurian at Keilor.......... 29

Silurian at Melbourne........’............29, 141

Silurian in the    Moonee Valley............30,    94,    107

Silurian at    South    Yarra................30,    134,    148

Silurian at    Studley    Park..............66,    119,    133

Snapper............................42,    179

Species............................23,    24,    26

' Spheroidal Weathering....................53,    55

Spotswood..........................10.    33,    63

Spring Creek.................... 82

Stage............................20,    179

St. Kilda..........................14,    149,    155

Strike..............................99,    120

Studley Park......................13, 66, 119, 133

Subkingdom........................23.    24,    25

Subsidence..........................80,    hi,    112

Switzerland............................ 19

Svncline................72, 99, 100, 107, 121, 179

System......................20, 21, 22, 179

Index.    187

Page

Table of Animal    Kingdom................24.    25

Table of Fossil Representatives................ 28

Table of Geological Time..................20.    21

Tellina............................42,    43.    179

Temperance Town......................57.    59

Tertiary............................20,    31,    179

Thrust Planes..........................127

Tide in Saltwater River .................... 80

Time Scale..........................20.    21

Topographical Map..... ⁽⁾4

Triassic..........................21, 28, 179

Trilobites................28, 29, 30. 103, 179

Unconformity........................92, 123

Univalve......................25, 28, 179, 180

Vegetable Kingdom.................... 3²

Vein..............................122,    123

Vermes........................25.    28,    180

Vertebrates....................23. 25, 26, 180

Vesicular....................55. 63, 113. ⁿ6. 180

Victoria Dock.......................^,0*    47

Vugh.............................116,    180

Weathering of Basalt.......... 53. 54. 79« 88, 89

Werribee..............................45.    ¹ 63

West Melbourne Swamp.................^I0- 33» 47

Williamstown...............*5» 33. 53. 63, 166

Yarra River.......... 13, M, 34. 37. »12, 134. M#

Yarra Valley................ 35, 47. 124, 132. »34

Zeolites.......................... 116,    117

Zones................................²°’    ^!^°