A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: beyond the two hit hypothesis Davis, Justin, Eyre, Harris, Jacka, Felice N., Dodd, Seetal, Dean, Olivia, McEwen, Sarah, Debnath, Monojit, McGrath, John, Maes, Michael, Amminger, Paul, McGorry, Patrick D., Pantelis, Christos and Berk, Michael 2016, A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: beyond the two hit hypothesis, Neuroscience & biobehavioral reviews, vol. 65, pp. 185-194, doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017. Attached Files Name Description MIMEType Size Downloads Title A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: beyond the two hit hypothesis Author(s) Davis, Justin Eyre, Harris Jacka, Felice N. orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-0328 Dodd, Seetal orcid.org/0000-0002-7918-4636 Dean, Olivia orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-3935 McEwen, Sarah Debnath, Monojit McGrath, John Maes, Michael Amminger, Paul McGorry, Patrick D. Pantelis, Christos Berk, Michael orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-6946 Journal name Neuroscience & biobehavioral reviews Volume number 65 Start page 185 End page 194 Total pages 10 Publisher Elsevier Place of publication Amsterdam, The Netherlands Publication date 2016-06 ISSN 1873-7528 Summary Schizophrenia risk has often been conceptualized using a model which requires two hits in order to generate the clinical phenotype-the first as an early priming in a genetically predisposed individual and the second a likely environmental insult. The aim of this paper was to review the literature and reformulate this binary risk-vulnerability model. We sourced the data for this narrative review from the electronic database PUBMED. Our search terms were not limited by language or date of publication. The development of schizophrenia may be driven by genetic vulnerability interacting with multiple vulnerability factors including lowered prenatal vitamin D exposure, viral infections, smoking intelligence quotient, social cognition cannabis use, social defeat, nutrition and childhood trauma. It is likely that these genetic risks, environmental risks and vulnerability factors are cumulative and interactive with each other and with critical periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. The development of schizophrenia is likely to be more complex and nuanced than the binary two hit model originally proposed nearly thirty years ago. Risk appears influenced by a more complex process involving genetic risk interfacing with multiple potentially interacting hits and vulnerability factors occurring at key periods of neurodevelopmental activity, which culminate in the expression of disease state. These risks are common across a number of neuropsychiatric and medical disorders, which might inform common preventive and intervention strategies across non-communicable disorders. Language eng DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017 Field of Research 110999 Neurosciences not elsewhere classified 110319 Psychiatry (incl Psychotherapy) Socio Economic Objective 920209 Mental Health Services HERDC Research category C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal Copyright notice ©2016, Elsevier Persistent URL http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30083399 Document type: Journal Article Collections: Faculty of Health School of Medicine Related Links Link Description Connect to published version Go to link with your DU access privileges   Connect to Elements publication management system Go to link with your DU access privileges     Unless expressly stated otherwise, the copyright for items in DRO is owned by the author, with all rights reserved. Versions Version Filter Type Wed, 11 May 2016, 14:20:27 EST Thu, 12 May 2016, 05:00:41 EST Thu, 12 May 2016, 08:09:58 EST Wed, 01 Jun 2016, 12:29:29 EST Wed, 01 Jun 2016, 12:32:20 EST Mon, 18 Jul 2016, 16:07:03 EST Filtered Full Citation counts:   Cited 174 times in TR Web of Science Cited 177 times in Scopus Search Google Scholar Access Statistics: 1094 Abstract Views, 1 File Downloads  -  Detailed Statistics Created: Wed, 11 May 2016, 14:20:27 EST