The role of the microbial metabolites including tryptophan catabolites and short chain fatty acids in the pathophysiology of immune-inflammatory and neuroimmunue disease.

doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0004-2

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The role of the microbial metabolites including tryptophan catabolites and short chain fatty acids in the pathophysiology of immune-inflammatory and neuroimmunue disease.

Morris, Gerwyn, Berk, Michael, Carvalho, Andre, Caso, Javier R, Sanz, Yolanda, Walder, Ken and Maes, Michael 2016, The role of the microbial metabolites including tryptophan catabolites and short chain fatty acids in the pathophysiology of immune-inflammatory and neuroimmunue disease., Molecular neurobiology, In press, pp. 1-20, doi: 10.1007/s12035-016-0004-2.

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Title	The role of the microbial metabolites including tryptophan catabolites and short chain fatty acids in the pathophysiology of immune-inflammatory and neuroimmunue disease.
Author(s)	Morris, Gerwyn Berk, Michael orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-6946 Carvalho, Andre Caso, Javier R Sanz, Yolanda Walder, Ken orcid.org/0000-0002-6758-4763 Maes, Michael
Journal name	Molecular neurobiology
Season	In press
Start page	1
End page	20
Total pages	20
Publisher	Springer
Place of publication	Berlin, Germany
Publication date	2016
ISSN	1559-1182
Keyword(s)	Autism Bacterial translocation Diabetes type 2 Immune inflammation Leaky gut Oxidative stress
Summary	There is a growing awareness that gut commensal metabolites play a major role in host physiology and indeed the pathophysiology of several illnesses. The composition of the microbiota largely determines the levels of tryptophan in the systemic circulation and hence, indirectly, the levels of serotonin in the brain. Some microbiota synthesize neurotransmitters directly, e.g., gamma-amino butyric acid, while modulating the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). The composition of the microbiota determines the levels and nature of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) which in turn has profound effects on aryl hydrocarbon receptors, thereby influencing epithelial barrier integrity and the presence of an inflammatory or tolerogenic environment in the intestine and beyond. The composition of the microbiota also determines the levels and ratios of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and propionate. Butyrate is a key energy source for colonocytes. Dysbiosis leading to reduced levels of SCFAs, notably butyrate, therefore may have adverse effects on epithelial barrier integrity, energy homeostasis, and the T helper 17/regulatory/T cell balance. Moreover, dysbiosis leading to reduced butyrate levels may increase bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation. As examples, we describe the role of microbial metabolites in the pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 and autism.
Language	eng
DOI	10.1007/s12035-016-0004-2
Field of Research	1109 Neurosciences 1702 Cognitive Science
Socio Economic Objective	929999 Health not elsewhere classified
HERDC Research category	C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal
ERA Research output type	C Journal article
Copyright notice	©2016, Springer
Persistent URL	http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30085220

Document type:	Journal Article
Collections:	Faculty of Health School of Medicine


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