Opioid analgesia and opioid-induced adverse effects: A review Paul, AK, Smith, Craig, Rahmatullah, M, Nissapatorn, V, Wilairatana, P, Spetea, M, Gueven, N and Dietis, N 2021, Opioid analgesia and opioid-induced adverse effects: A review, Pharmaceuticals, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1-22, doi: 10.3390/ph14111091. Attached Files Name Description MIMEType Size Downloads Title Opioid analgesia and opioid-induced adverse effects: A review Author(s) Paul, AK Smith, Craig orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-2433 Rahmatullah, M Nissapatorn, V Wilairatana, P Spetea, M Gueven, N Dietis, N Journal name Pharmaceuticals Volume number 14 Issue number 11 Article ID ARTN 1091 Start page 1 End page 22 Total pages 22 Publisher MDPI / MDPI AG (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute) Place of publication Basel, Switzerland Publication date 2021-10-27 ISSN 1424-8247 1424-8247 Keyword(s) Science & Technology Life Sciences & Biomedicine Chemistry, Medicinal Pharmacology & Pharmacy opioids morphine analgesia chronic pain behaviour adverse effects tolerance NOCICEPTIN/ORPHANIN FQ RECEPTOR INDUCED RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION CHRONIC NONCANCER PAIN MORPHINE-TOLERANCE CANCER PAIN MICE LACKING IN-VIVO LOCOMOTOR-ACTIVITY AGONIST U-50,488H KAPPA-RECEPTOR Summary Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction and numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. As opium and opioids have been traditionally used as painkillers, the exact mechanisms of their adverse reactions over repeated use are multifactorial and not fully understood. Older adults suffer from cancer and non-cancer chronic pain more than younger adults, due to the physiological changes related to ageing and their reduced metabolic capabilities and thus show an increased number of adverse reactions to opioid drugs. All clinically used opioids are μ-opioid receptor agonists, and the major adverse effects are directly or potentially connected to this receptor. Multifunctional opioid ligands or peripherally restricted opioids may elicit fewer adverse effects, as shown in preclinical studies, but these results need reproducibility from further extensive clinical trials. The current review aims to overview various mechanisms involved in the adverse effects induced by opioids, to provide a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and, ultimately, to help develop an effective therapeutic strategy to better manage pain. Language eng DOI 10.3390/ph14111091 Field of Research 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences HERDC Research category C1 Refereed article in a scholarly journal Free to Read? Yes Persistent URL http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30158117 Document type: Journal Article Collections: Faculty of Health Open Access Collection Related Links Link Description Link to full-text (open access)   Connect to published version Go to link with your DU access privileges   Connect to Elements publication management system Go to link with your DU access privileges     Unless expressly stated otherwise, the copyright for items in DRO is owned by the author, with all rights reserved. Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure that permission has been obtained for items included in DRO. If you believe that your rights have been infringed by this repository, please contact drosupport@deakin.edu.au. Versions Version Filter Type Mon, 01 Nov 2021, 13:07:59 EST Mon, 01 Nov 2021, 15:54:12 EST Mon, 01 Nov 2021, 15:58:36 EST Tue, 02 Nov 2021, 09:32:55 EST Sat, 20 Nov 2021, 01:45:45 EST Sat, 18 Dec 2021, 01:31:05 EST Mon, 27 Jun 2022, 09:27:53 EST Mon, 27 Jun 2022, 12:45:46 EST Mon, 27 Jun 2022, 14:35:31 EST Tue, 05 Jul 2022, 16:15:05 EST Tue, 19 Jul 2022, 11:04:28 EST Fri, 29 Jul 2022, 00:36:04 EST Filtered Full Citation counts:   Cited 11 times in TR Web of Science Cited 13 times in Scopus Search Google Scholar Access Statistics: 12 Abstract Views, 1 File Downloads  -  Detailed Statistics Created: Mon, 01 Nov 2021, 13:07:59 EST